Python 全套教程 学习笔记

Python 全套教程 学习笔记

• Python 全套教程 学习笔记
  • print()函数
  • 转义字符
  • 二进制与字符编码
  • Python中的标识符和保留字
  • 变量的定义和使用
  • 数据类型
  • 数据类型转换
  • Python中的注释
  • input()输入函数
  • Python中的运算符
  • 程序的组织结构
  • 列表
    • 列表的查询操作
    • 列表元素的增加操作
    • 列表元素的删除操作
    • 列表元素的修改操作
    • 列表元素的排序操作
    • 列表生成的公式
  • 字典
    • 什么是字典
    • 字典的原理
    • 字典的创建与删除
    • 字典的常用操作
    • 获取字典视图的三个方法
    • 字典元素的遍历
    • 字典的特点
    • 字典生成式
  • 元组
    • 元组的创建方式
    • 为什么要将元组设计成不可变序列
    • 元组的遍历
  • 集合
    • 集合的创建方式
    • 集合元素的判断操作
    • 集合元素的新增操作
    • 集合元素的删除操作
    • 集合间的关系
      • 两个集合是否相等
      • 一个集合是否是另一个集合的子集合
      • 一个集合是否是另一个集合的超集
      • 两个集合是否没有交集
    • 集合的数学操作
      • 交集 intersection()
      • 并集 union()
      • 差集 difference()
      • 对称差集 symmetric_difference()
    • 集合生成式
    • 总结列表、字典、元组、集合
  • 字符串
    • 字符串的驻留机制
    • 字符串驻留机制的优缺点
    • 字符串的查询操作方法
      • index()
      • rindex()
      • find()
      • rfind()
    • 字符串的大小写转换操作方法
      • upper()
      • lower()
      • swapcase()
      • capitalize()
      • title()
    • 字符串内容对齐操作
      • center()
      • ljust()
      • rjust()
      • zfill()
    • 字符串劈分操作
      • split()
      • rsplit()
    • 字符串判断操作
      • isidentifier()
      • isspace()
      • isalpha()
      • isdecimal()
      • isnumeric()
      • isalnum()
    • 字符串其他的操作方法
      • replace()
      • join()
    • 字符串的比较操作
    • 字符串的切片操作
    • 格式化字符串
    • 字符串的编码转换
  • 函数
    • 函数的创建和调用
    • 函数的参数传递
    • 函数的参数定义
    • 函数的参数总结
    • 变量的作用域
      • 定义函数
      • 递归函数
  • 异常处理
    • try-except 结构
    • try-except-else 结构
    • try-except-else-finally 结构
    • Python 常见的异常类型
    • traceback 模块打印异常信息
  • 调试
  • 编程思想
  • 类与对象
    • 类
    • 创建类
    • 类的实例化
    • 类属性
    • 类方法
    • 静态方法
    • 动态绑定属性和方法
    • 封装
    • 继承
    • 方法重写
    • object类
    • 多太
    • 特殊方法和特殊属性
    • 变量赋值操作
    • 浅拷贝
    • 深拷贝
  • 模块
    • 什么是模块
    • 自定义模块
    • 导入模块
    • 以主程序形式运行
    • 包
    • Python 中常用的内置模块
    • 第三方模块的安装及使用
    • 知识总结
  • 文件目录
    • 编码格式
    • 文件读写原理
    • 文件读写操作
    • 文件对象常用方法
    • with语句（上下文管理器）
    • 目录操作
    • 知识总结
  • 其他知识
    • 项目打包

print()函数

• 输出数字、字符串、含运算符的表达式

print(520)print('Hello world')print('Hello world')print(3 1)#将数据输出文件中fp=open('d:/text.txt','a ') #a 如果文件不存在就创建，存在就在文件内容的后面继续追加print('Hello world',file=fp)fp.close()#逗号，不进行换行输出（输出内容在一行当中）print('Hello','World','Python')

转义字符

• 什么是转移字符？
  • 反斜杠 想要实现的转移功能首字母。
• 为什么需要转移字符？
  • 当字符串中包含反斜杠、单引号和双引号等有特殊用途的字符时，必须使用反斜杠对这些字符进行转义（转换一个含义）
    • 反斜杠：\
    • 单引号：'
    • 双引号：'
  • 当字符串中包含换行、回车，水平制表符或退格等无法直接表示的特殊字符时，也可以使用转义字符当字符串中包含换行、回车，水平制表符或退格等无法直接表示的特殊字符时，也可以使用转义字符
    • 换行：\n
    • 回车：\r
    • 水平制表符：\t
    • 退格：\b

print('Hello\nworld')print('Hello\tworld')print('Hello\bworld')print('http:\\\\www.baidu.com')print('老实说：\'大家好\'')#原字符，让字符串中的转移字符不起作用print(r'Hello\nworld')

二进制与字符编码

print(chr(0b100111001011000)) #0b表示二进制print(ord('乘'))

Python中的标识符和保留字

变量的定义和使用

name='马丽亚'print(name)print('标识',id(name))print('类型',type(name))print('值',name)

数据类型

针对浮点类型（float）存储不精确的问题，解决方案是：导入模块 decimal

from decimal import Decimalprint(Decimal('1.1') Decimal('2.2')) #不会出现小数位不精确的情况了

布尔型（bool）可以转换成整数型

print(True 1)

字符串类型可以使用单引号、双引号、三引号定义，其中：单引号、和双引号定义的字符串必须在一行，三引号的字符串可以分布在连续的多行

str4='''人生苦短我用Python'''

数据类型转换

name='张三'age=20print(type(name),type(age))print('我叫' name '，今年' str(age) '岁。') #将 int 类型通过 str() 转换成字符串类型。

Python中的注释

input()输入函数

作用：接收来自用户的输入
返回值类型：输入值的类型为str
值的存储：使用=对输入的值进行存储

present=input('大圣想要什么礼物呢？')a=input('请输入一个加数：') #输入的数字为str类型的a=int(a) #对输入的数据转换b=input('请输入另一个加数：') #输入的数字为str类型的b=int(b) #对输入的数据转换print(a b)#第二种方式实现a=int(input('请输入一个加数：'))b=int(input('请输入另一个加数：'))

Python中的运算符

#取余运算符print(11%2) #等于1，余数是1#幂运算符print(2**2) #表示 2 的 2 次方print(2**3) #表示 2 的 3次方，也就是 2*2*2 = 8

#赋值运算符举例a=20a =30print(a) #结果是50，相当于 a 30#解包赋值举例a,b,c=20,30,40 #左右个数需一致#比较运算符的结果为bool类型，比较的是值# is 标识比较符print('a>b吗？',a>b) # Falseprint(a==b) # True 表示 a 与 b 的 value 相等print(a is b) # True 表示 a 与 b 的 id标识相等print(a is not b) # False id标识符不相等# in 与 not in 比较符s='helloworld'print('w' in s) #Trueprint('k' in s) #Falseprint('w' not in s) #Falseprint('k' not in s) #True

print(4&8) #按位与&，同为1时结果为1print(4|8) #按位或|，同为0时结果为0print(4<<1) #向左移动1位，相当于 乘以 2print(4>>2) #向右移动2位，相当于 除以 4

程序的组织结构

三种基本结构组成：顺序结构、选择结构、循环结构
Python一切皆对象，所有对象都有一个布尔值

# 单分支结构money=1000s=int(input('请输入取款金额：'))if money>=s: money=money-s print('取款成功，余额为：',money)# 双分支结构if money>=s: money=money-s print('取款成功，余额为：',money)else: print('余额不足')# 多分支结构score=int(input('请输入一个成绩：'))if score>=90 and score<=100: print('A级')elif score>=70 and score<=89: print('B级')elif score>=60 and score<=69: print('C级')elif score>=0 and score<=59: print('D级')else: print('对不起，成绩输入有误。')# 还可以用下面语法表达if 90<=score<=100: print('A级')elif 70<=score<=89: print('B级')elif 60<=score<=69: print('C级')elif 0<=score<=59: print('D级')else: print('对不起，成绩输入有误。')# 使用条件表达式进行比较a=10b=20print(str(a) '大于等于' str(b) if a>=b else str(a) '小于' str(b))# pass语句，什么都不做，只是一个占位符，用到需要写语句的地方，用于前期搭建代码结构的地方if answer=='y': passelse: pass# while 循环a=1while a<10: print(a) a =1# for-in 循环for item in 'python': print(item)# break 语句，用于结束循环结构，通常与分支结构 if 一起使用# continue 语句，用于结束当前循环，进入下一个循环，通常与分支结构 if 一起使用

• else 与语句
• 与 else 语句配合使用的三种情况为：if-else \ while-else \ for-else

列表

• 列表需要使用中括号[]，元素间用英文逗号分隔

lst=['hello','world',98]

• 创建列表第二种方式，使用内置函数 list()

lst2=(['hello','world',98])

列表的特点
列表元素按顺序有序排序
索引映射唯一个数据
列表可以存储重复数据
任意数据类型混存
根据需要动态分配和回收内存

列表的查询操作

• 获取列表中指定元素的索引 index()

1. 查询列表中存在N个相同元素，只返回相同元素中的第一个元素的索引
2. 如果查询的元素在列表中不存在，则会抛出ValueError
3. 还可以在指定的 start 和 stop 之间进行查询

lst=['hello','world',89,'hello']print(lst.index('hello')) #如果存在相同元素，只返回相同元素第一个元素的索引print(lst.index('python')) #抛出 IndexError 错误print(lst.index('hello',1,3)) #指定范围内，查找索引 1 和 2

• 获取列表中的单个元素

1. 正向索引从1到N-1 举例：lst[0]
2. 逆向索引从-N到-1 举例：lst[-N]
3. 指定索引不存在，抛出 IndexError

lst=['hello','world',98,'hello','world',234]print(lst[2]) #获取索引为2的元素print(lst[-3]) #逆向获取索引为-3的元素

• 获取列表中的多个元素
  语法格式
  列表名 [ start : stop : step ]

#start stop step 为空时默认为 0、最大索引、1print(lst[::1]) #正向stepprint(lst[::-1]) #逆向step

• 判断指定元素在列表中是否存在 in 、not in
  语法格式
  元素 in 列表名
  元素 not in 列表名

print(10 in lst)print(10 not in lst)

• 遍历列表元素 for-in
  语法格式
  for 迭代变量 in 列表名:

for item in lst:    print(item)

列表元素的增加操作

lst.append(100) #在列表末尾添加一个元素lst.extend(lst2) #在列表末尾至少添加一个元素lst.insert(1,90) #在列表的任意位置添加一个元素lst[1:]=lst3 #在列表的任务位置添加至少一个元素，从索引1往后的元素切掉，lst3替换进来

列表元素的删除操作

lst.remove(30) #删除一个元素，如果有重复元素，只删除第一个元素，如果元素不存在则抛错 ValueErrorlst.pop(1) #删除索引为1的元素lst.pop(5) #删除索引为5的元素，如果指定的索引位置不存在将抛错，如果不指定参数则删除列表最后一个元素lst[1:3]=[] #切片，将当前列表的1到3索引的元素通过传入空的方式删除lst2=lst[1:3] #切片，产生新的列表，原列表不改变lst.clear() #删除列表中所有元素del lst #删除列表对象

列表元素的修改操作

• 为指定索引的元素赋予新值

lst[2]=100 #修改索引2的元素值为100

• 为指定的切片赋予新值

lst[1:3]=[300,400,500,600]

列表元素的排序操作

• 调用 sort() 方法，列表中的所有元素默认按照从小到大的顺序排序，可以指定 reverse=True，进行降序排序

lst.sort()lst.sort(reverse=True)

• 调用内置函数 sorted()，可以指定 reverse=True，进行降序排序，原列表不发生改变

lst2=sorted(lst) #函数产生新的列表对象lst3=sorted(lst,reverse=True)

列表生成的公式

语法格式

# [ i*i for i in range(1,10) ]#注意事项：“表示列表元素的表达式”中通常包含自定义变量lst=[i for i in range(1,10)] #产生1到9的列表lst=[i*2 for i in range(1,10)] #产生2,4、6、8、10的列表

字典

什么是字典

Python 内置的数据结构之一，与列表一样是一个可变序列
以键值对的方式存储数据，字典是一个无序的序列

字典的原理

字典以大括号表示

scores={ '张三':100,'李四':98,'王五':45 }

• 字典的实现原理与查字典类似，查字典是先根据部首或拼音查找对应的页码，Python 中的字典是根据 key 查找 value 所在的位置。

字典的创建与删除

• 字典的创建

scores={ '张三':100,'李四':98,'王五':45 }

• 使用内置函数 dict()

dict(name='jack',age=20)

字典的常用操作

• 获取字典中的元素

1. [] 举例：scores['张三']
2. get() 方法 举例：scores.get('张三')

print(scores['张三']) #如果找不到，则会抛错print(scores.get('张三')) #如果找不到，则不会抛错，返回 Noneprint(scores.get('张三','默认值')) #如果找不到，提供默认值

1. key 的判断 in 、not in

print('张三' in scores)print('张三' not in scores)

1. 元素删除操作

del scores['张三'] #删除指定的 key-value 对

5.清空字典的元素

scores.clear()

1. 字典元素的新增

scores['Jack']=90

1. 字典元素的修改

scores['Jack']=70

获取字典视图的三个方法

1. keys() 获取字典中所有 key
2. values() 获取字典中所有 value
3. items() 获取字典中所有 key,value 对
4. 将字典转换成列表

items=scores.items()list(items)

字典元素的遍历

for item in scores:    print(item,scores[item],scores.get(item)) #scores[item] 会抛错，scores.get(item) 不会

字典的特点

字典中的所有元素都是一个 key-value 对，key 不允许重复，value 可以重复
字典中的元素是无序的
字典中的 key 必须是不可变对象
字典也可以根据需要动态滴伸缩
字典会浪费较大的内存，是一种使用空间换时间的数据结构

字典生成式

• 内置函数 zip()
  用于将可迭代的对象作为参数，将对象中对应的元素打包成一个元组，然后返回由这些元组组成的列表

items=['Fruits','Books','Others']prices=[96,78,85]lst=zip(items,prices)print(list(lst))d={item.upper():price for item,price in zip(items,prices)} #如果键值对数量不匹配，以数量少的一方展示

元组

Python 内置的数据结构之一，是一个不可变序列
不可变序列和可变序列
不可变序列：字符串、元组，没有增、删、改操作
可变序列：列表、字典，可以对序列执行增、删、改操作，对象地址不发生更改

元组的创建方式

• 直接小括号

t=( 'Python','Hello', 90 )

• 使用内置函数 tuple()

t=tuple(( 'Python','Hello', 90 ))

• 只包含一个元祖的元素需要使用逗号和小括号

t=(10, )

• 可以简写为

t='Python','Hello', 90

• 空元组的创建

t=()t=tuple()

为什么要将元组设计成不可变序列

• 在多任务环境下，同时操作对象时不需要加锁，因此在程序中尽量使用不可变序列
• 注意事项：元组中存车处的是对象的引用
  1. 如果元组中对象本身不可对象，则不能再引用其他对象
  2. 如果元组中的对象是可变对象，则可变对象的引用不允许改变，但数据可以改变
     

元组的遍历

• 元组是可迭代对象，使用可以使用 for-in 遍历

t=tuple('Python','hello',90)for item in t: print(item)

集合

• Python 语言提供的内置数据结构
• 与列表、字典一样都属于可变类型的序列
• 集合是没有 value 的字典

集合的创建方式

• 直接{}

s={ 'Python','hello',90 }

• 使用内置函数 set()

s={ 2,3,4,4,5,5,6,7,7 } #集合中的元素不允许重复（与字典相同）s=set(range(6))print(s)print(set([3,4,53,56])) #将列表转换成集合print(set([3,4,43,435])) #将元组转换成集合，元素是无序的print(set('Python')) #将字符串转换为集合，按字母序列，无序print(set({124,3,4,4,5})) #集合print(set()) #空集合

集合元素的判断操作

• in 或 not in

s={10,20,30}print(10 in s) #Trueprint(10 not in s) #False

集合元素的新增操作

• 调用 add() 方法，一次添加一个元素
• 调用 update() 方法，至少添加一个元素

s.add(40) #添加一个元素s.update({60,70,80}) #添加多个元素# update() 里还可以放元组、列表

集合元素的删除操作

• 调用 remove() 方法，一次删除一个指定元素，如果指定元素不存在则抛出 KeyError
• 调用 discard() 方法，一次删除一个指定元素，如果指定元素不存在则不会抛出异常
• 调用 pop() 方法，一次删除一个任意元素
• 调用 clear() 方法，清空集合

s.remove(10)s.remove(500) #报错s.discard(500) #不会报错s.pop() #删除任意元素，随机的删除一个元素，该方法无参数s.clear() #清空集合

集合间的关系

两个集合是否相等

• 可以使用运算符 == 或 != 判断

s1={1,2,3}s2={3,2,1}print(s1==s2) #Trueprint(s1!=s2) #False

一个集合是否是另一个集合的子集合

• 可以调用方法 issubset 判断
• B 是 A 的子集

s1={1,2,3}s2={3,2,1}s3={1,2,5,6}print(s2.issubset(s1)) #Trueprint(s3.issubset(s1)) #False

一个集合是否是另一个集合的超集

• 可以调用方法 issuperset 判断
• A 是 B 的超集

print(s1.issuperset(s2)) #Trueprint(s3.issuperset(s2)) #False

两个集合是否没有交集

• 可以调用方法 isdisjoint 判断

print(s2.isdisjoint(s3)) #False 有交集为 Falses4={100,200,300}print(s2.isdisjoint(s4)) #True 没有交集为 True

集合的数学操作

交集 intersection()

s1={1,2,3,4,5}s2={3,4,5,6,7}print( s1.intersection(s2) ) #执行结果为 {3,4,5}#简写为print(s1 & s2)

并集 union()

print(s1.union(s2)) #执行结果为 {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} ，去掉了重复的元素#简写为print(s1 | s2)

差集 difference()

print(s1.difference(s2)) #执行结果为 {1,2}#简写为print(s1-s2)

对称差集 symmetric_difference()

print(s1.symmetric_difference(s2)) #执行结果为 {1,2,6,7}#简写为print(s1^s2)

集合生成式

s={i*i for i in range(10)}print(s)

总结列表、字典、元组、集合

字符串

字符串的驻留机制

• 字符串

• 在 Python 中字符串是基本数据类型，是一个不可变的字符序列

• 什么叫字符串驻留机制呢？

• 仅保存一份相同且不可变字符串的方法，不同的值被存放在字符串的主流池中，Python 的主流机制对相同的字符串只保留一份拷贝，后续创建相同字符串时，不会开辟新空间，而是把该字符串的地址赋给新创建的变量

  
  

• 驻留机制的集中情况（交互模式）

1. 字符串的长度为 0 或 1 时
   • 两个变量要么为空 0，要么字符串一样时 1
2. 符合标识符的字符串
   • 例如%不符合标识符，所以类似 abc% 的字符串创建两个，为两个id地址的字符串，即内容一样地址不一样
3. 字符串只在编译时进行主流，而非运行时

a='abc'b='ab' 'c'c=''.join(['ab','c'])print(a is b) #True a 和 b 是编译时创建的，地址相同print(a is c) #False c 是运行时计算的，新开辟的内存空间

1. [-5,265] 之间的整数数字

a=-5b=-5print(a is b) #True 在整数数字区间内a=-6b=-6print(a is b) #False 不在整数数字区间内

• sys 中的 intern 方法强制2个字符串指向同一个对象

import sysa='abc%'a='abc%'print(a is b) #False 不符合标识符的不驻留a=sys.intern(b)print(a is b) #True 强制驻留

• PyCharm 对字符串进行了优化处理

字符串驻留机制的优缺点

• 当需要值相同的字符串时，可以直接从字符串池中拿来使用，避免频繁创建和销毁，提升效率和节约内存，因此拼接字符串和修改字符串是回比较影响性能的
• 在需要进行字符串拼接时建议使用 str 类型的 join 方法，而非 ，因为 join() 方法是先计算出所有字符中的长度，然后再拷贝，只 new 一次对象，效率比 效率高

字符串的查询操作方法

index()

• 从左往右查第一个字符串，如果没找到则抛错

rindex()

• 从右往左查第一个字符串，如果没找到则抛错

find()

• 从左往右查第一个字符串，如果没找到则返回 -1

rfind()

• 从右往左查第一个字符串，如果没找到则返回 -1

提示：日常操作中尽可能使用 find() 和 rfind()

字符串的大小写转换操作方法

upper()

• 把字符串中所有字符都转成大写字母

lower()

• 把字符串中所有字符都转成小写字母

swapcase()

• 把字符串中所有大写字母转成小写字母，把所有小姐字母转成大写字母

print('Hello,world'.swapcase()) # hELLO,WORLD

capitalize()

• 把第一个字符转成大写，把其余字符转成小写

print('Hello'.capitalize()) # Hello

title()

• 把每个单词的第一个字符转成大写，把每个单词的剩余字符转成小写

print('Hello world'.swapcase()) # Hello World

字符串内容对齐操作

center()

ljust()

rjust()

zfill()

• 右对齐，使用0进行填充

字符串劈分操作

split()

• 从字符串左边开始劈分，默认的劈分字符是空格字符串，返回的值都是一个列表
• 以通过参数 sep 指定劈分字符串是的劈分符
• 通过参数 maxsplit 指定劈分字符串时的最大劈分次数，在经过最大次劈分后，剩余的子串会单独作为一部分

rsplit()

• 从字符串右边开始劈分，默认的劈分字符是空格字符串，返回的值都是一个列表
• 以通过参数 sep 指定劈分字符串是的劈分符
• 通过参数 maxsplit 指定劈分字符串时的最大劈分次数，在经过最大次劈分后，剩余的子串会单独作为一部分

字符串判断操作

isidentifier()

• 判断指定的字符串是否合法标识符

isspace()

• 判断指定的字符串是否全部由空白字符组成
  

isalpha()

• 判断指定的字符串是否全部由字母组成
  

isdecimal()

• 判断指定字符串是否全部由十进制的数字组成
  

isnumeric()

• 判断指定的字符串是否全部由数字组成
  

isalnum()

• 判断指定字符串是否全部由字母和数字组成
  

字符串其他的操作方法

replace()

• 字符串替换
  

join()

• 字符串合并
  

字符串的比较操作

• 运算符 > >= < <= == !=
  
  
  

字符串的切片操作

• 字符串切片后都将产生新的内存对象

格式化字符串

name='张三'age=20print('我叫%s，今年%d岁' % (name,age))print('我叫{0}，今年{1}岁'.format(name,age))print(f'我叫{name}，今年{age}岁')print('%10d' % 99) # 10表示宽度print('%.3f' % 3.1415926) # 表示精度，保留3位小数print('{0:.3f}'.format(3.1415926)) #表示精度，保留3位小数print('{0:.3}'.format(3.1415926)) #表示一共是3位数print('%10.3f' % 3.1415926) #同时表示宽度、精度print('{0:10.3f}'.format(3.1415926)) #同时表示宽度、精度

字符串的编码转换

函数

函数的创建和调用

• 函数就是执行特定任何以完成特定功能的一段代码
• 为什么需要函数
  1. 服用代码
  2. 隐藏实现细节
  3. 提高可维护性
  4. 提高可读性便于调试
     

#创建函数def calc(a,b): # 形参，形式参数 c=a b return cresult=calc(10,20) #实参，实参的位置是函数的调用处print(result)

函数的参数传递

• 两种传递方式
• 位置实参：根据形参对应的位置进行实参传递
• 关键字实参：根据形参名称进行实参传递

#位置实参def calc(a,b):calc(10,20)#关键字实参def calc(b=20,a=10):calc(10,20)

• 参数传递内存分析图

  

• 函数返回多个值时，结果为元组

# 1.无返回值的函数，不用写 returndef fun1(): print('hello')# 2.有1个返回值的函数，返回类型为原类型，示例中返回的是 strdef fun2(): return 'hello'res=fun2()# 3.返回多个值，返回类型为元组def fun3(): return 'hello','world'print(fun3())# 函数在定义时，是否需要返回值，视情况而定

函数的参数定义

• 函数定义默认值参数
• 给形参设置默认值，只有与默认值不符的情况才需要传递实参

def fun(a,b=100):    print(a,b)fun(100) # 当没有给参数 b 传值时，b 默认值 100fun(20,30)

• 个数可变的位置参数
• 定义函数时，可能无法实现确定传递的位置实参的个数时，使用可变的位置参数
• 使用 * 定义个数可变的位置形参
• 结果为一个元组

# 定义可变的位置参数def fun(*args): print(args)# 调用函数，传入不同个数的参数，输出的是元组fun(10)fun(10,30)fun(10,30,50)

• 个数可变的关键字形参
• 定义函数时，无法事先确定传递的关键字实参的个数时，使用可变的关键字形参
• 使用 ** 定义个数可变的关键字形参
• 结果为一个字典

def fun1(**args):    print(args)fun1(a=10) # 结果为字典类型，{'a':10}fun1(a=20,b=30,c=40)  # 结果为字典类型，{'a:20,'b':30,'c':40}

• 在函数定义参数时，两种类型的参数只能各自定义一个
• 但两个类型的参数可以同时出现在一个函数参数内，但顺序是个数可变的位置参数定义在前，个数可变的关键字形参定义在后

# 第一个参数为可变的位置参数，第二个参数为可变的关键字参数def fun3(*args1,**args2):

函数的参数总结

变量的作用域

定义函数

• 局部变量
  • 在函数内定义并使用的变量，只在函数内部游逍，局部变量使用 global 声明，这个变量就会变成全局变量
• 全局变量
  • 函数体外定义的变量，可作用于函数内外

def fun(a,b):   # a , b 为函数的形参    c=a b   # c 局部变量    print(c)name='杨老师'  # name 全局变量def fun2():    print(name)def fun3():    global age  # 在函数体内定义的全局变量    age = 20    print(age)fun3()print(age)  #在外部也可以访问该变量

递归函数

• 如果在一个函数的函数体内调用了该函数本身，这个函数成为递归函数
• 递归调用与递归终止条件
• 每递归调用一次函数，都会在栈内存分配一个栈帧
• 每执行完一次函数，都会释放响应的空间
• 缺点：占用内存多，效率低下
• 有点：思路和代码简单

def fac(n): if n==1: return 1 else: return n*fac(n-1) print(fac(6))

异常处理

try-except 结构

try:    a=int(input('请输入第一个整数：'))    b=int(input('请输入第二个整数：'))    result=a/b    print('结果为：',result)except ZeroDivisionError:   #捕获为零的异常    print('除数不允许为0')except ValueError:  #捕获值类型异常    print('请输入数字')except BaseException as e:   # 最后写上这个可以捕获遗漏的、其他的异常    print('捕获其他异常错误',e)print('程序结束')

try-except-else 结构

try: a=int(input('请输入第一个整数：')) b=int(input('请输入第二个整数：')) result=a/bexcept ZeroDivisionError: #捕获为零的异常 print('除数不允许为0')except ValueError: #捕获值类型异常 print('请输入数字')except BaseException as e: # 最后写上这个可以捕获遗漏的、其他的异常 print('捕获其他异常错误',e)else: print('结果为：',result)print('程序结束')

try-except-else-finally 结构

try:    a=int(input('请输入第一个整数：'))    b=int(input('请输入第二个整数：'))    result=a/bexcept ZeroDivisionError:   #捕获为零的异常    print('除数不允许为0')except ValueError:  #捕获值类型异常    print('请输入数字')except BaseException as e:   # 最后写上这个可以捕获遗漏的、其他的异常    print('捕获其他异常错误',e)else:    print('结果为：',result)finally:    print('程序结束') #无论 except 还是 else 都会执行到这里

Python 常见的异常类型

traceback 模块打印异常信息

• 获取异常信息，用于后续对异常的记录log日志之类的操作
  

调试

• 断点
• 程序运行到此处，暂时挂起，停止执行。此事可以详细观察程序的运行情况，方便做出进一步的判断
• 进入调试视图
• 三种方式：
• 单击工具栏的按钮
• 右键单击编辑区
• 快捷键：shift F9
• 以上内部根据不同的编译器可能会不同

编程思想

• 编程届的两大阵营
  

类与对象

类

• 数据类型

  

• 对象

• 100、99、520 都是 int 类之下包含的相似的不同个例，这个个例专业数据称为实例或对象

• 一切皆对象

创建类

• 类的组成
  1. 属性
  2. 实例方法 self
  3. 静态方法
  4. 类方法 cls

class Student: #类 native_pace='广州' #写在类里的变量，称为类属性 #初始化方法 def __init__(self,name,age): self.name=name #self.name 称为实体属性，进行了一个复制的操作，将局部变量的 name 的值赋给实体属性 self.age=age #实例方法 def eat(self): #实例方法的参数中，必须写上 self ，哪怕不写它也会默认 print('学生在吃饭。') #静态方法 @staticmethod def method(): #静态方法的参数不允许写 self ，这是规定 print('我使用了 staticmethod 进行了修饰，所以我是静态方法') #类方法 @classmethod def cm(cls): #类方法括号中必须带 cls ，这是规定 print('我是类方法，因为我使用了 classmethod 进行修饰')

• 在类外面定义的称之为函数，在类定义的称为方法

类的实例化

• 意义：有了实例，就可以调用类中的内容

#创建 Student 类的实例对象 stulstul=Student('张三',20)stul.eat() #使用类的方法print(stul.name,stul.age) #获取类的属性#第二种调用方法：类名.方法名(类的实例对象)，实际上就是方法定义处的selfStudent.eat(stul) #该代码写法的功能，与 stul.eat() 方法的功能一致

类属性

• 类中方法外的变量称为类属性，被该类的所有对象所共享

print(Student.native_pace)stul=Student('张三',20)stu2=Student('李四',30)#修改类的属性值Student.native_pace='天津'print(stul.native_pase) #返回 天津print(stu2.native_pase) #返回 天津#类属性共享，供多个实例化访问相同的内存地址

类方法

• 使用 @classmethod 修饰的方法，使用雷鸣直接访问的方法

Student.cm()

静态方法

• 使用 @staticmethod 修饰的方法，使用类名直接访问的方法

Student.method()

动态绑定属性和方法

• Python 是动态语言，在创建对象后，可以动态绑定属性和方法

class Student:    def __init__(self,name,age):        self.name=name        self.age=age            def eat(self):        print(self.name '在吃饭。')stu1=Student('张三',20)stu2=Student('李四',30)

#为实例对象 动态创建属性stu2.gender='女' #该属性值隶属于实例对象 stu2 的print(stu1.name,stu1.age) #输出 张三 20print(stu2.name,stu2.age,stu2.gender) #输出 李四 30 女

• 动态绑定方法

#类之外创建一个函数def show():    print('定义在类之外的，称函数')#绑定到实例对象 stu1 的 show 方法stu1.show=showstu1.show()

封装

提高程序的安全性

• 将数据（属性）和行为（方法）包装到类对象中。在方法内部对属性进行操作，在类对象的外部调用方法。这样，无序关心方法内部的具体实现细节，从而隔离了复杂度。
• 在 Python 中没有专门的修饰符用于属性的私有，如果该属性不希望在类对象外被访问，前面使用两个“_”

#创建类class Car: def __init__(self,brand): self.brand=brand def start(self): print('汽车已启动。。。')#实例化类car=Car('宝马X5')#使用类的方法car.start()#使用类的属性print(car.brand)class Student: def __init__(self,name,age): self.name=name self.__age=age #年龄不希望在类的外部被使用，使用加了两个'_' def show(self): print(self.name,self.__age)stu=Student('张三',20)stu.show() #输出 张三 20print(stu.name) #输出 张三print(stu.__age) #程序抛错，提示属性错误，该属性为类的私有属性，外部不允许使用print(stu._Student__age) #在类的外部可以通过 _Student__age 进行访问

• 提示：作为程序员，强烈建议不采取这种方式访问 _Student__age

继承

• 提高代码的复用性
• 语法格式
• class 子类类名( 父类1 , 父类2... )
• pass
• 如果一个类没有继承任何基类，则默认继承 object
• Python支持多继承
• 定义子类时，必须在其构造函数中调用父类的构造函数
  

#多继承class A(object):    passclass B(object):    pass#C类继承了A、B两个类class C(A,B):    pass

方法重写

• 如果子类对继承自父类的某个属性或方法不满意，可以在子类中对其（方法体）进行重新编写
• 子类重写后的方法中可以通过 super().xxx() 调用父类中被重写的方法
  

object类

• object 类是所有类的父类，所有类都有 object 类的属性和方法
• 内置函数 dir() 可以查看指定对象所有属性
• Object 有一个 str() 方法，用于返回一个对于“对象的描述”，对应于内置函数 str() 经常用于 print() 方法，帮我们查看对象的信息，所有我们经常会对 str() 进行重写
  

多太

提高程序的可扩展性和可维护性

• 即便不知道一个变量所引用的对象到底是什么类型，仍然可以通过这个变量调用方法，在运行过程中根据变量所引用对象的类型，动态决定调用哪个对象中的方法
  

特殊方法和特殊属性

变量赋值操作

• 只是形成两个变量，实际上还是指向同一个对象

class CPU: passclass Disk: passclass Computer: def __init__(self,cpu,disk): self.cpu=cpu self.disk=disk#实例CPU的类实例cpu1=CPU()#将实例对象 cpu1 赋值给 cpu2cpu2=cpu1#输出两个对象的内存地址是一样的print(cpu1,cpu2)#总结，变量赋值，实际上还是指向同一个对象

浅拷贝

• Python 拷贝一版都是浅拷贝，拷贝时，对象包含的子对象不拷贝，因此，源对象与拷贝对象会引用同一个子对象

class CPU:    passclass Disk:    passclass Computer:    def __init__(self,cpu,disk):        self.cpu=cpu        self.disk=disk  cpu1=CPU() disk1=Disk() computer1=Computer(cup1,disk1) #创建计算机的实例对象  #浅拷贝 import copy computer2=copy.copy(computer1)  #输出类对象的内存地址，及子类对象的地址 print(computer1,computer1.cpu,computer1.disk) print(computer2,computer2.cpu,computer2.disk)# 结论：computer类的两个实例化对象的内存地址不同，但两个 cpu 和 disk 子类实例对象的内存地址一样

深拷贝

• 使用 copy 模块的 deepcopy 函数，递归拷贝对象中的子对象，源对象和拷贝对象所有的子对象也不相同

#深拷贝computer3=copy.deepcopy(computre1)print(computer1,computer1.cpu,computer1.disk)print(computer2,computer2.cpu,computer2.disk)# 结论：computer类与两个 cpu 和 disk 子类实例对象的内存地址都不一样

模块

什么是模块

• 模块的英文名称：Modules
• 函数与模块的关系：一个模块中包含多个函数
• 在 Python 中一个模块的文件扩展名为 .py
• 使用模块的好处：
  1. 方便其他程序和脚本的导入并使用
  2. 避免函数名和变量名冲突
  3. 提高代码的可维护性
  4. 提高代码的可重用性
     

自定义模块

• 新建一个 .py 文件，名称不要与 Python 自带的标准模块名称相同

导入模块

• import 模块名称 [as 别名]
• from 模块名称 import 函数/变量/类

#1.引入模块名称import math #引入一个数学运算的模块print(math.pi)  #调用 math 模块中的 pi 函数，输出一个π的数值，显示：3.1415926print(dir(math)) #查询 math 模块中的所有可操作的函数或方法#2.引入某个模块中的函数、变量或类from math import pifrom math import powprint(pi)print(pow(2,3))

以主程序形式运行

• 在每个模块的定义中都包括一个记录模块名称的变量 __name__，程序可以检查该变量，以确定他们在哪个模块中执行。如果一个模块不是被导入到其他模块中执行，那么它可能在解释器的顶级模块中执行。顶级模块的 __name__ 变量的值为 __main__

# 创建文件 calc.py 文件def add(a,b): return a bif __name__ = '__main__': print(add(10,20))#1.当其他文件调用了 calc.py 文件，print 不会被执行#2.当 calc.py 文件本身被执行，print 会执行输出，因为 calc.py 文件被主动执行时，__name__ 会被标记为当前程序 __main__

包

• 包是一个分层次的目录结构，它将一组功能相近的模块组织在一个目录下

• 作用：

  1. 代码规范
  2. 避免模块名称冲突

• 包与目录的区别

  1. 包：含 __init__.py 文件的目录称为包，一个包可以包含多个模块
  2. 目录：里不包含 __init__.py 文件

• 包的导入
  import 包名.模块名

#导入包中的模块 import 包名.模块名 as 别名import pageage1.mouduleA as ma#调用该模块里的函数print(ma.a)

Python 中常用的内置模块

第三方模块的安装及使用

• 安装第三方模块

pip install 模块名

• 在线安装

  

• 使用第三方模块

import 模块名

知识总结

文件目录

编码格式

• Python 解释器使用的是 Unicode（内存）
• .py 文件在磁盘上使用 UTF-8 存储（外存）
  

文件读写原理

• 文件读写俗称“IO操作”
  -内置函数 open() 创建文件对象
  
• 语法规则
  

#创建文件对象file1=open('a.txt','r') #读取一个文件，模式为：只读#输出文件内容print(file1.readlines()) # readlines() 读取的是一个“列表”#关闭系统资源file1.close()

文件读写操作

• 文件的类型
• 按文件中的数据组织形式，文件分为两大类型：
  1. 文本文件：存储普通“字符”文本，默认为 Unicode 字符集，可以使用记事本程序打开
  2. 二进制文件：把数据内容用“字节”存储，无法用记事本打开，必须使用专用软件打开，例：mp3音频文件、png图片文件、doc文档 等
     

#创建写入的文件对象# w 写入，覆盖原文件# a 写入，在原文件内容后追加内容file2=open('b.txt','w') #模式为：写#写入信息file2.write('hello world')  #如果文件存在，则写入操作会覆盖原文件#关闭系统资源file2.close()#对二进制文件的读写操作src_file=open('logo.png','rb')  #创建只读的图像文件对象target_file=open('copylogo.png','rb')   #创建只写的图像文件对象#读取 src_file 文件对象，并写入到 target_file 文件对象中target_file.write(src_file.read())#关闭系统资源target_file.close()src_file.close()#最后，  号表示以读写的方式打开，需要与其他模式一起使用，例：a 

文件对象常用方法

with语句（上下文管理器）

• with 语句可以自动管理上下文资源，不论什么原因跳出 with 块，都能确保文件正确关闭，以此来达到释放资源的目的
  

with open('a.txt','r') as file1: print(file1.read())#语句最后 with 会自动关闭释放，而不需要人为写关闭语句#完整的赋值粘贴一张图片的代码就是三行with open('logo.png','rb') as src_file: with open('copy2logo.png','wb') as target_file: target_file.write(src_file.read())

目录操作

• OS 模块是 Python 内置的与操作系统功能和文件系统相关的模块，该模块中的语句执行结果通常与操作系统有关，在不同的操作系统上运行，得到的结果可能不一样
• OS 模块与 OS.path 模块用于对目录或文件进行操作

#打开操作系统的记事本import osos.system('notepad.exe')#调用系统中的可执行文件，例如打开QQos.startfile('C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Tencent\\QQ\\Bin\\QQ.exe')

• OS 模块操作目录相关函数

  

• OS.path 模块操作目录相关函数

  

# walk 方法可以获取当前目录下所有文件及子目录里的所有文件import ospath=os.getcwd()lst_files=os.walk(path)for dirpath,dirname,filename in lst_files: print(dirpath) print(dirname) print(filename) print('----------- 分割线 -----------')

知识总结

其他知识

项目打包

• 安装第三方模块
• 在线安装方式
• 语法：pip install PyInstaller
• 执行打包操作
  

C:\Users\Administrator>pyinstaller -F E:\Python\Studentsys\student.py

• -F 表示只生成一个 .exe 文件

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