骨科英文书籍精读(388)|跟骨骨折的影像
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Clinical features
There is usually a history of a fall from a height, or a road traffic accident; in elderly osteoporotic people even a comparatively minor injury may fracture the calcaneum.
The foot is painful and swollen and a large bruise appears on the lateral aspect of the heel. The heel may look broad and squat. The surrounding tissues are thick and tender, and the normal concavity below the lateral malleolus is lacking. The subtalar joint cannot be moved but ankle movement is possible.
Always check for signs of a compartment syndrome of the foot (intense pain, very extensive bruising and diminished sensation, with pain on passive toe movement).
X-ray
Plain x-rays should include lateral, oblique and axial views. Extra-articular fractures are usually fairly obvious. Intra-articular fractures, also, can often be identified in the plain films and if there is displacement of the fragments the lateral view may show flattening of the tuber-joint angle (Böhler’s angle).
For accurate definition of intra-articular fractures, CT is essential and three-dimensional reconstruction views even better. Coronal sections will show the fracture 'geometry’ clearly enough to permit accurate diagnosis of most intra-articular fractures (Lowrie et al., 1988).
With severe injuries – and especially with bilateral fractures or in the unconscious patient – it is essential to assess the knees, spine and pelvis as well.
补充素材:
A Bohler角(跟骨结节关节角)作跟骨结节上缘至跟距关节后关节面上缘的连线,再作跟骰关节上缘与跟距关节后关节面的切线,两线相交的锐角为跟骨结节关节角,国人约27-33°
B Gissane角(跟骨交叉角) ;跟距关节前后关节面之间的夹角为跟骨交叉角,国人约100-145°
C跟骨倾斜角;
D跟距角25-45°;
E胫距角
F胫跟角
G距骨垂直角;
H距骨倾斜角;
I跟骨长度;
J calcaneal facet height;
K足绝对高度;
L facet inclination angle.
M跟骨宽度
---from 《Apley’s System of Orthopaedics and Fractures》
重点词汇整理:
squat /skwɑːt/v. 蹲坐;蹲举;擅自占用;霸占n. 蹲坐;被非法占用的建筑物;蹲举训练;(体操)下蹲动作;非法占用空房;几乎没有;任何东西adj. 矮胖的;矮而宽的
concavity /kɑːnˈkævəti/n. 凹面;凹度
extensive bruising 广泛的瘀伤
geometry /dʒiˈɑːmətri/n. 几何学;几何结构
DeepL翻译(仅供参考,建议自己翻译):
临床特征
通常有从高处跌落或道路交通事故的历史;在老年骨质疏松症患者中,即使是相对较小的损伤也可能造成小腿骨骨折。
脚部疼痛和肿胀,脚跟外侧出现大的瘀伤。脚后跟可能看起来很宽,而且是蹲着的。周围的组织厚而柔软,外侧小腿骨下方的正常凹陷缺乏。跖骨下关节不能移动,但踝关节可以移动。
始终检查足部隔间综合征的迹象(强烈的疼痛,非常广泛的瘀伤和感觉减退,脚趾被动运动时有疼痛)。
X光检查
X线平片应包括侧位、斜位和轴位视图。关节外骨折通常相当明显。关节内的骨折也常常可以在平片中发现,如果有碎片移位,侧位片可以显示管状关节角(Böhler角)变平。
为了准确定义关节内骨折,CT是必不可少的,三维重建视图甚至更好。冠状切面可以清楚地显示骨折的 "几何形状",足以对大多数关节内骨折进行准确诊断(Lowrie等,1988)。
对于严重的损伤--特别是双侧骨折或昏迷的病人--必须同时评估膝关节、脊柱和骨盆。