骨科英文书籍精读（306）｜膝关节韧带损伤的并发症
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Complications
Adhesions
If the knee with a partial ligament tear is not actively exercised, torn fibres stick to intact fibres and to bone. The knee ‘gives way’ with catches of pain; localized tenderness is present and there is pain on medial or lateral rotation. The obvious confusion with a torn meniscus can be resolved by the grinding test (Fig. 30.4) or, better still, by MRI. Physiotherapy will resolve the problem caused by adhesions and rarely is manipulation under anaesthesia needed.
Ossification in the ligament (Pellegrini–Stieda’s disease)
Occasionally, an abduction injury is followed by ossification near the upper attachment of the medial ligament. This is usually discovered as a chance finding in x-rays of the knee and carries no prognostic significance.
Instability
The knee may continue to give way. The instability tends to get worse and the repeated injury predisposes to osteoarthritis. This important subject is discussed under a separate heading later.
---from 《Apley’s System of Orthopaedics and Fractures》
重点词汇整理：
Ossification/ˌɑːsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/n. 骨化；成骨；（思想的）僵化
Occasionally, an abduction injury is followed by ossification near the upper attachment of the medial ligament. 偶尔，外展性损伤后，内侧韧带上部附着处发生骨化。
adduction内收
abduction外展
significance/sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns/n. 意义；重要性；意思
Instability /ˌɪnstəˈbɪləti/n. 不稳定（性）；基础薄弱；不安定
The knee may continue to give way. 膝盖可能会持续发软。
give way. /ɡɪv weɪ/让路；撤退；倒塌；失去控制
the repeated injury predisposes to osteoarthritis反复的损伤容易引起骨关节炎
predispose/ˌpriːdɪˈspoʊz/vt. 预先处置；使…偏向于
百度翻译：
并发症
粘连
如果韧带部分撕裂的膝盖没有积极锻炼，撕裂的纤维会粘附在完整的纤维和骨骼上。膝盖“退让”并伴有疼痛；存在局部压痛，内侧或外侧旋转时疼痛。半月板撕裂的明显混淆可以通过研磨试验（图30.4）或更好的是通过MRI来解决。物理治疗可以解决粘连引起的问题，很少需要在麻醉下操作。
韧带骨化（佩莱格里尼-斯蒂达病）
偶尔，外展损伤后内侧韧带上附着点附近骨化。这通常是在膝关节的x光片中偶然发现的，没有预后意义。
不稳定性
膝盖可能会继续弯曲。这种不稳定性会变得更严重，反复的损伤容易导致骨关节炎。这一重要议题将在稍后的单独标题下讨论。