黑马白象,非你所想。这些英语习语是怎么来的?

上篇文章讲到Total immersion还要注意语言的“形”(Form),包括在日常英语学习中积累基础表达和习语表达。就像汉语里的成语、谚语、歇后语一样,英语习语往往与其文化习俗、历史背景、文学作品相关,仅从字面上有时难以推断其寓意,所以在英语教学中英语老师有意识地引导学生掌握习语也是非常有必要的。

下面分享10个常见英语习语,内容只是沧海一粟,重点是了解这些习语的背景和来历,从而启发学生如何去理解和掌握。

01

apple of one's eye

掌上明珠

背景:源自英国詹姆斯一世时期翻译的《圣经》:

“He found him in a desert land, and in the waste howling wilderness; he led him about, he instructed him, he kept him as the apple of his eye."

因为苹果和瞳孔都是圆的,所以苹果被比喻成瞳孔。后来人们用这一表达形容珍爱之人像自己的眼睛一样宝贵。

例句:Alice is the apple of her mom's eye.

02

have an axe to grind

另有所图

背景:源自领导过美国独立战争的本杰明·富兰克林写的一个故事"Whistle"

“一名陌生人假装不知如何使用磨石,就让小富兰克林给他演示,于是小富兰克林卖力地为他磨斧头,陌生人却在斧头磨锋利后,对小富兰克林大肆嘲笑扬长而去。"

例句:Whenever he flatters your generosity, he will certainly have an axe to grind.

03

once in a blue moon

千载难逢

背景:据说这个表达源自一则古英语谚语:

“Yf they say the mone is blewe

We must believe that it is true"

这则谚语文字记录始于1528年,从常识上讲,月亮不会是蓝色的,但当大气层处于一定条件下,有时会出现罕见的蓝色光晕,所以被喻为百年不遇、千载难逢。

例句:This is a chance once in a blue moon.

04

bark up the wrong tree

误入歧途

背景:19世纪的猎人需要用嗅觉灵敏、行动敏捷的猎犬追踪猎物,猎犬经常会把猎物追赶到树上,并在树下狂吠直到猎人赶来。但猎犬有时也会失误,对着没有猎物的树白费功夫。后来这句话就被喻为选错了方向或目标。

例句:If you expect to borrow money from her, you're barking up the wrong tree.

05

dark horse

出乎意料

背景:这个表达今天通常被直译为“黑马”,起源于赛马运动,第一次在文学作品中出现,是美国政治家、小说家本杰明·迪斯雷利著作的The young Duke:

“A dark horse, which had never been thought of, and which the careless St James had never even observed in the list, rushed past the grandstand in sweeping triumph."

注意这里的黑马是dark horse而不是black horse,dark有神秘未知的意思哦。

例句:I know he will be a dark horse in the contest.

06

steal someone's thunder

剽窃抄袭

背景:剧作家约翰·丹尼斯为其戏剧Appius and Virginia设计了抖动锡纸模仿雷声的舞台效果。几天后戏剧Macbeth的演出剽窃了这一特效,丹尼斯说:

“See how the rascals use me! They will not let my play run, and yet they steal my thunder! "

后来这个剽窃雷声的典故被泛指剽窃抄袭的行为,并被进一步引申到抢他人风头的意思。

例句:Ella stole her classmate‘s thunder by copying brilliant art homework for school.

07

all Greek to me

一窍不通

背景:出自莎士比亚戏剧Julius Caesar:

"But, for mine own part, it was Greek to me."

这句话是凯撒的谋反者卡斯卡的台词。剧中西塞罗用希腊语评价凯撒三次拒绝加冕,而卡斯卡却听不懂,就说了这句话。当时的古罗马,虽然官方语言是拉丁语,但由于大部分文学作品都以希腊语撰写,所以希腊语是社会地位和良好教育的象征。

例句:What you said is all Greek to me.

08

play possum

装傻充愣

背景:美洲负鼠(possum)为了躲避威胁或攻击会假装失去知觉。后来被引申为装睡、装死、装傻充愣。

例句:If the tax people ask you any questions, just play possum.

09

red herring

混淆视听

背景:熏制的鲱鱼有一种强烈的味道,被猎人们挂在树林里用作训练猎犬跟踪狐狸的能力。后来被喻指信息误导、转移话题的意思。

例句:This story is a red herring to divert public attention from this issue.

10

white elephant

华而不实

背景:稀有的白象在古暹罗仅为国王所有。当国王对某官员不满时,就会赠送一只白象。因为供养成本极高,且白象无法用于劳作,所以受赠官员很快就会破产。而白象就被喻为徒有其表、华而不实的代名词。

例句:The new office block has become an expensive white elephant.

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