【猪译馆】配种管理指南 （连载五）
前言 Foreword
丹育猪以高产著名于世，但由于猪场建设、饲养管理等诸多方面的挑战，让丹育猪在中国的生产性能未能达到预期，但丹育种猪在中国养猪业的受青睐程度仍越来越高。猪译馆特收集整理了一系列丹育相关资料，目前正在转载由喜肉科技携手英联饲料和华扬种猪联合推出的丹麦养猪研究中心制作的丹育《配种管理手册》，敬请关注。
编者的话 Editor's Note
配种是新一轮生产的开始，配种质量会直接影响受胎率、分娩率、产仔数、断奶数等一系列关键的KPI。因此配种舍的正确管理有助于提高和维持母猪高产、稳产。本手册详细讲解了不同生产模式下查情和配种的各种技巧，其中很多章节图文并茂可以直接作为SOP使用。
9. 母 猪 的 授 精
IN SEM IN ATIO N O F SO W S
好的人工授精是获得高分娩率和最多窝产仔数的基础
A Good Artificial Insemination Is The Basis For A High Farrowing Rate And Optimal Litter Size
一头活跃的公猪是导致母猪发情明显和成功授精的关键。授精时让公猪在母猪前面。
An active boar is the key to a good oestrus and successful insemination. Let the boar in front of the sows for insemination.
先将一半的阴唇外翻到一边，再插入输精管，从而确保其不被污染。
The catheter enters by heeling one of the labia to the side and the catheter enters without soiling.
输精管沿着背面（朝上）进入，当进入阴道10-15cm时，旋转，使得输精管的前端充分润滑。
The catheter is led along the back and when it is placed 10-15 cm into the vagina, it is rotated to lubricate the catheter tip.
输精管要平稳地插入阴道最深处。然后拉出大约2cm，再逆时针向前，直到被子宫颈固定。
The catheter is placed evenly until it can’t get further in. The catheter is pulled back, about 2 cm. While it is again led forwards, turn it left until it sits firmly in the cervix.
授精完后立即取出输精管。
Remove the catheter immediately after insemination.
母猪的再次授精最多间隔24小时，最好的授精时间是在排卵前的24小时到排卵后的4小时之间。
The sows are inseminated with maximum 24 hours intervals and the best insemination time is from 24 hours before to 4 hours after ovulation.
授精后让母猪保持安静至少2个小时。
Peace for at least 2 hours after insemination.
好的工作环境更易获得好的效果。
Good work invironment makes it easier to achieve good results.
输精管应保存在干净的环境中。
The catheters should be stored under hygienic conditions.
授精时要安静，有条不紊地进行，不要太匆忙或太缓慢。
Haste, Less Speed – Work Quietly And Systematically With Insemination.
授精时的典型错误：
Typical errors during insemination are:
1. 不好的发情鉴定会带来授精时间错误的风险，从而引起繁殖性能的下降和增加患子宫炎的风险。
Poor heat control with the risk of improper insemination time, which cause impaired reproductive performance and increased risk of uterus infection.
2. 授精后，大量的精液回流，是由于输精管没有插入到子宫颈并被其固定。
Greater amounts of “backflow” because the catheter is not properly attached in the cervix.
3. 输精管的锋利边缘会损伤母猪。
The catheter has sharp edges that can damage the sow.
4. 由于保存不当等原因使输精管被污染。
Contaminated catheters because of for example improper storage.
补充说明: 母猪的授精
Additional Comments: Insemination Of Sows
让公猪在最佳时间出现。在母猪授精之前进行有效的刺激，是高分娩率的先决条件，见 3 —授精前对母猪的刺激。即使母猪很快出现静立反射，母猪也需要约1分钟的刺激。
Use the boars presence optimally. An effective stimulation of the sow prior to insemination is a prerequisite for a high farrowing rate; see H3 – stimulation of sows for insemination. Although the sow show standing oestrus faster, it is important that the sow is stimulated for approx. 1 minute.
如果阴唇脏的话，在授精前要用干净的卫生纸擦干净，从而减少子宫炎的风险。
If the labia dirty, they should be wiped before insemination with a clean napkin/paper towel to reduce the risk of a uterus infection.
输尿管口在阴道下部，所以要将输精管插到阴道上方。润滑剂不是必须的，但要在插入时转动输精管，使输精管得到润滑。
The urethral mouth lies at the bottom of the vagina and it is therefore important that the catheter is led to the top of the vagina. Catheter gel is not necessary, but use the technique of turning the catheter during insertion, thereby the catheter gets lubricated.
输精管的顶端要正确固定在子宫颈中。因此，输精管正确插入后，轻轻拉动输精管时，就像在一个箍紧的橡皮圈中。
It is important that the catheter tip is properly secured in the cervix. Therefore, pull gently in the catheter, if it sits properly, it feels as if the catheter is in a tight “elastic”.
授精过后让输精管停留在母猪体内不会起刺激的作用，也不会阻制精液的回流。
It does not have a stimulatory effect by letting the catheter stay in the sow after insemination and it does not limit the backflow.
从断奶到发情出现的时间与发情期的长短是负相关的。也就是说，断奶后较早发情的母猪的发情期相对较长，而断奶后较晚发情的母猪的发情期较短。
The period from weaning to the oestrus occurrence is inversely correlated with oestrus length. This means that sows, which come into oestrus shortly after weaning has a relatively long heat, while a sow, which come into heat later, has a short heat.
最佳授精时间
Optimal Insermination Time
授精时间和排卵时间的对照（来源：丹麦Hatting KS公猪站）
Insemination time relative to ovulation (source: Hatting KS)
授精后至少要休息2个小时，否则会造成年轻母猪分娩率下降和年长母猪窝产仔数减少的风险。
At least 2 hours of rest after insemination otherwise there is a risk that the younger sows have a lower farrowing rate and the older sows a reduced litter size.
10.群 养 舍 中 的 授 精
IN SEM IN ATIO N IN LO O SEHOU SING
群养舍中交配成功的关键点
Get Success With Mating In The Loose Pens
1. 如果母猪发情特征不够明显，可能会在授精时逃脱。
If the sow is not in proper heat, it has the opportunity to escape.
2. 最好将母猪按体型大小分群饲养。
It is an advantageous to sort the sows by size, rather then letting the sows go in mixed groups.
3. 群养舍中的母猪通常会表现出明显的发情特征。
Sows in loose pens usually show clearer heat behavior.
4. 按体型大小分群饲养的小母猪，比在混有不同体型的大群体中的小母猪的总产仔数多。
Small sows in assorted groups have more total born piglets than small sows, which goes in large groups with sows of all sizes.
5. 设置一个公猪栏位和母猪栏位相邻，发情母猪会主动靠近公猪。
With a boar pen that has contact with the sows pen, the sows can themselves seek the boar.
群养舍中授精的缺点
Disadvantages Of Matting In The Loose Housing
1. 发情期的母猪会有更多的相互爬跨，这可能会引起腿部受伤。被爬跨很多次的母猪会不出现发情症状，这通常是那些年轻的，较弱的母猪。
Sows that are in heat, mounts each other more, and it can cause damage to the legs. Animals that are mounted a lot tend not to show oestrus. This is often the weak ranking sows, which are usually the young sows.
2. 圈舍中的打斗和对抗会引起更多的腿部受伤。
Fights and confrontations in the pen give more leg injuries.
3. 如果一次有太多的母猪受到诱情刺激，则很难在20分钟内完成所有母猪的授精。
If too many sows are stimulated at once, it can be difficult to inseminate them within 20 minutes.
不在授精的母猪，可能会干扰正在授精的母猪。
The sows that are not inseminated may interfere with an ongoing insemination.
如果公猪在群体中，但又不允许它爬跨，它会变得具有攻击性，不仅攻击工作人员，还会攻击母猪。在母猪舍中要有一个公猪的栏位，这样能有很好的与公猪的接触。
If the boar is in the group and not allowed to mount, can become aggressive, both against the staff as well as the sows. There should be an extra pen for the boar in the sow pen, so it can achieve a good boar contact.
在群养舍中授精需要大量的管理工作。在大群体中母猪的发情很难监控，并且很容易错过母猪的发情，从而导致很多母猪未授精。
Insemination in the pen places greater demand on management. Sows that are in a large group may be difficult to grasp, and one can easily look pass a heat, and thus get more non-inseminated sows.
授精后，母猪没有得到平静的休息。授精后保持安静的重要性取决于母猪的年龄。第二或第三胎次的母猪如果在授精后得到2个小时的安静休息，会有更高的分娩率。
There is no opportunity to give peace to the sows after insemination. The importance of peace after insemination is dependent on age of the sows. Second and 3 parity sows receice higher farrowing rates if they receive up to 2 hours of peace after insemination.
在群养舍中，只有真正发情的母猪才能授精。
In loose housing it is only possible to inseminate sows in actually heat.
打斗会引起一些腿部受伤。
Fights can give several leg injuries.
补充说明：群养舍中的授精
Additional Comments: Insemination In Loose Housing
1. 制定群养舍中母猪的“按时授精计划”（即对发情不明显的母猪进行人工授精）比在限位栏中的困难。
It’s harder to make “date insemination” (artificial insemination of a sow that is not in standing oestrus) of sows in loose housing than sows inseminated in boxes.
2. 一项研究表明按体型大小分群饲养的大母猪比在混有不同体型群体中的大母猪有较早发情的趋势。其中一个原因是大母猪在按体型大小分群饲养的群体中比在混有不同体型群体中有更多的爬跨机会。
One study has shown that there was a tendency for the large sows in sorted groups came earlier in oestrus than large sows in unsorted groups. One reason could be that there is more mounting in the groups with large sows than there are in an unsorted group.
体型大小分群饲养的小母猪，有较早授精的趋势。这是因为在混有不同体型群体中的大母猪的爬跨会抑制小母猪的发情。
In groups with small sows, there was a tendency that they were inseminated earlier when they were sorted. It could be because they repress their heat when they get mounted by the largesows.
一般而言，在混有不同体型群体中的小母猪的发情出现较晚，因为小母猪在真正发情前可能会被大母猪爬跨，这会导致额外的“负担”。
Generally the oestrus appears later in small sows. If they are in groups with large sows, they will be mounted earlier than their actual oestrus occurs, and thus they become burdened further.
3. 与饲养在限位栏中的母猪相比，散养舍中的母猪更容易观察到交配的行为和渴望交配的行为。
It is easier to observe mating behavior and anxious behavior in sows that go in groups rather than sows that are in boxes.
4. 按体型大小分群饲养的母猪比混有不同体型群体的母猪的总产仔数多。这是因为小母猪会多产约0.6头/胎，而大母猪的产仔数不变。这可能与爬跨的频率有关，小的、弱的母猪被爬跨的频率大于大母猪。
Groups where the sows are sorted by size, have more total born piglets than sows that are in unsorted groups. This is due to the small sows getting more pigs, equivalent to 0,6 pigs more while there for the large sows is no difference. The explanation may lie in the mounting frequency. It’s bigger on the small rank weak pigs than it is on the large sows.
5. 如果必须在群养舍中给母猪完成授精，建议设一个公猪栏，发情母猪会自己去靠近公猪，这样会对处于发情的母猪有一个很好的大致了解。但不建议在群养舍中给母猪授精。
If the sows are in a large group and must be inseminated in the group, it is recommended that there is created a pen to the boar, where the sows themselves may seek out to the boar. It will help to give a good overview of the sows that are in heat. It is not recommended to inseminate the sows in the group.
未完待续……
To be continued…
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