科学论文类型分类（letter, perspective, focus, article）以及影响引子，SCI、EI等

关于论文文章类型的叙述letter, perspective, focus, article等的不同：

写论文就会经常好奇，你也发论文，我也发论文，为何不同的论文级别不同？同级别的论文里又有不同的文章类型，到底都是怎么回事儿呢？

一般发表分为三个等级：Poster、Proceedings、Journal（依次NB起来）

Poster直译就是海报。一个学术会议举行以后，大家会首先在报告厅里听paper，听完报告散场以后，会有个展示厅，里面放满了海报。海报就是海报（废话），一张大大的纸，上面用简单的图形和一些文字叙述下你的研究内容，你站在海报旁边，当与会者对你的东西有兴趣的时候，你就给他讲一讲。

Proceedings直译为会议记录，感觉挺低端的吧，是不是小编去开会在一旁一边在那儿写大家说的话呢？不是的哈。其实Proceedings是最广泛的论文集，大多数说自己写了Paper（论文）的人，其实都是写的Proceedings。参加一个Conference（会议，或者说学术报告会）之前，你得交一篇Paper，如果成功被接收，那么就会收录在Proceedings里面，这个Proceedings就是一本书，里面放满了Paper。但是交完以后并没有结束，还得去Conference上给大家讲一遍你的研究。

Journal直译为期刊，这可不是什么儿童期刊，一月一本的漫画之类的东西。它有多NB呢？你在Journal上如果成功发2篇Paper，那么你就可以博士毕业了。许多博士延期2、3年甚至4、5年才毕业，就是因为研究成果不够达到在Journal上发Paper的资格，得磕破了头继续研究。Journal审核十分严格，而且审核周期非常漫长，不是一般随随便便的研究能够发表的。同样叫Paper，所以一定要搞清楚是Proceeding还是Journal上的Paper了哈。

论文类型Journal、magazin、transaction、letter等的区别

“Journal期刊：刊登关于某特殊主题的文章的期刊
magazine杂志：综合性内容的期刊
transactions(学会等的)议事录,会报,会刊
proceedings记录, 会议录; 年[学]报; (科学文献)汇编

letter 可以是简短的学术报告，例如对别人发表的论文在验证上提出疑议

二、IEEE分类
IEEE的paper大体分为3类，letter,magazine,journal/transaction.
IEEE letter:属于快报形式，一般发表最新的研究成果，文章要求短小，理论推导要求不高。
IEEE Magazine:这才是属于杂志类，一般要求用文字和图表来表述些最新研究成果，不允许有过多的公式推导
IEEE Jour/Trans:这两个属于同一类，期刊杂志，但两者面向的读者和表达方式上略有不同。两者都需要有很大的创新点，和比较详细的公式推导。
    Trans:具体到一个相对较细的专业方向上，如IEEE Trans. Sign.Proc.。
    而jour:面向的读者群却更加广泛,如IEEE J-SAC,所以jour需要对背景知识有更加全面的介绍。虽然jour没有trans.的专注度高，但是其理论深度的要求也很高，而且其影响因子往往远远高于Trans.”

国内应聘高校职位的时候，对自己发过的论文分类常有以下检索：

• SCI检索
• EI检索
• ISTP
• SSCI
• CSSCI
• CSCD
• 中文核心期刊

　　《科技会议录索引》（简称ISTP）创刊于1978年，由美国科学情报研究所出版，ISTP（Index to Scientific & Technical Proceedings）国内也叫它CPCI（Conference Proceedings Citation Index）。《工程索引》（简称EI）创刊于1884年，国际核心EI检索是美国工程信息公司（Engineering information Inc.）出版的著名工程技术类综合性检索工具。

　　Web of Science是美国Thomson Reuters公司基于WEB开发的产品，Web of Science包括SCI、SSCI、A&HCI、CPCI（原ISTP）和CPCI-SSH及两个化学数据库（CCR、IC），以ISI Web of Knowledge作为检索平台。

　　详细说明在http://www.ei-istp.com/index.html

于是Journal里面还有不同文章类型的分类，下面是nature期刊网站搜索时提供的分类：

以下文章引用自——Nature （About Article Type）

Original research (submissions welcome)

In Nature journals, original research is published either as an Article, Letter, Resource (presents a large dataset of broad usefulness, interest and significance) Brief Communication or Technical Report.

Nature does not publish the Brief Communication, Resource or Technical Report format. In Nature, there are fewer Articles published per week (typically around 3) than there are Letters (typically around 17). Some, but not all, Articles and Letters are published online before they appear in the print edition of the journal (AOP, or Advance Online Publication). The Nature guide to authors provides detailed information about these categories.

In the Nature monthly journals, research is published as Articles, all of which are published online ahead of the print editions. Some, but not all of the monthly journals publish research in Letter, Resource, Brief Communication or Technical Report format. Each journal describes the content type it publishes in its own guide to authors.

... ... （详见Nature Article Type的链接）

1.4 Other contributions to Nature

Please access the other submitted material pages for further details on any of the contribution types below.

• News and Comment
• Correspondence
• Obituaries
• Opinion
• Books & Arts
• Futures
• News & Views
• Insights, Reviews and Perspectives
• Analysis
• Hypothesis
• Careers
• Technology Features
• Outlooks

上面文章引用自——《Nature》：For Authors —— Manuscript formatting guide

以下文章引用自——New Journal of Chemistry (From ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY)

New Journal of Chemistry publishes:

• Full papers
• Letters
• Perspectives
• Focus articles

See more information about these article types

Full papers

Full papers contain original and significant work that is likely to be of wide general appeal or exceptional interest in its specialised area. However, work that has appeared in print in a short form such as an NJC Letter or Chemical communication is normally acceptable.

Letters

NJC Letters are concise articles that report results of immediate interest to the chemistry community; they may be complete publications, though a subsequent paper may be justified, and should contain a brief experimental section.

Perspectives

Perspectives are brief reviews giving the personal viewpoint of a leading scientist in their area of research, setting it in the context of the work of others and looking forward to future developments.

In some cases, pairs of collaborating scientists from different disciplines are invited to each give their perspective on their common field of research in order to demonstrate the benefits of collaborative research and facilitate dialogue between communities.

The majority of Perspectives are invited by the editorial office, however suggestions of suitable Perspectives in the form of a brief synopsis and biography of the author, are welcome.

Focus

Focus articles centre on a specific topic, giving a personal view and a critical evaluation of the current state of knowledge. These short articles summarise the key results, the work currently being done, the challenges ahead and how the field is evolving.

以下来自维基百科：

There are several types of journal articles; the exact terminology and definitions vary by field and specific journal, but often include:

• Letters (also called communications, and not to be confused with letters to the editor) are short descriptions of important current research findings that are usually fast-tracked for immediate publication because they are considered urgent.
• Research notes are short descriptions of current research findings that are considered less urgent or important than Letters.
• Articles are usually between five and twenty pages and are complete descriptions of current original research findings, but there are considerable variations between scientific fields and journals – 80-page articles are not rare in mathematics or theoretical computer science.
• Supplemental articles contain a large volume of tabular data that is the result of current research and may be dozens or hundreds of pages with mostly numerical data. Some journals now only publish this data electronically on the Internet.
• Review articles do not cover original research but rather accumulate the results of many differentarticles on a particular topic into a coherent narrative about the state of the art in that field. Review articles provide information about the topic and also provide journal references to the original research. Reviews may be entirely narrative, or may provide quantitative summary estimates resulting from the application of meta-analytical methods.
• Data papers are articles dedicated to describe datasets. This type of article is becoming popular and journals exclusively dedicated to them have been established, e.g. Scientific Data and Earth System Science Data.
• Video papers are a recent addition to practice of scientific publications. They most often combine an online video demonstration of a new technique or protocol combined with a rigorous textual description.^[2]

The formats of journal articles vary, but many follow the general IMRAD scheme recommended by theInternational Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Such articles begin with an abstract, which is a one-to-four-paragraph summary of the paper. The introduction describes the background for the research including a discussion of similar research. The materials and methods or experimental section provides specific details of how the research was conducted. The results and discussion section describes the outcome and implications of the research, and the conclusion section places the research in context and describes avenues for further exploration.

In addition to the above, some scientific journals such as Science will include a news section where scientific developments (often involving political issues) are described. These articles are often written by science journalists and not by scientists. In addition, some journals will include an editorial section and a section for letters to the editor. While these are articles published within a journal, in general they are not regarded as scientific journal articles because they have not been peer-reviewed.

关于影响因子的举例，来自Advances in Computer Science : an International Journal：

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

"The impact factor (IF) of an academic journal is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal. It is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field, with journals with higher impact factors deemed to be more important than those with lower ones. The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information. Impact factors are calculated yearly starting from 1975 for those journals that are indexed in the Journal Citation Reports.
In any given year, the impact factor of a journal is the average number of citations received per paper published in that journal during the two preceding years. For example, if a journal has an impact factor of 3 in 2008, then its papers published in 2006 and 2007 received 3 citations each on average in 2008. The 2008 impact factor of a journal would be calculated as follows:

2008 impact factor = A/B.

where:

A = the number of times that all items published in that journal in 2006 and 2007 were cited by indexed publications during 2008.
    B = the total number of "citable items" published by that journal in 2006 and 2007. ("Citable items" for this calculation are usually articles, reviews, proceedings, or notes; not editorials or letters to the editor). "

Alternative Impact Factor

Several journal metrics are calculated. The first metric is an alternative impact factor which is based on Google Scholar's citation count.
The journal impact factor (JIF) normally referred to is the proprietary journal impact factor from Thomson Reuters calculated based on the Web of Science (WOS) and published in the Journal Citation Reports® (JCR). We call this the JCR®JIF. DOAJ writes: "There is only one official, universally recognised impact factor that is generated by Thomson Reuters; it is a proprietary measure run by a profit making organisation. It runs against the ethics and principles of open access." This journal has no JCR®JIF, but an alternative Google-based impact factor.

A = cites to articles published in 2013 - 2014 = 132
B = number of articles published in 2013 - 2014 = 165
Impact Factor for 2013 - 2014 = A/B = 132/165 = 0.8 (Google Scholar citations, data October 22, 2015)

Please see also the List of Citations for ACSIJ:
ACSIJ Google Scholar Profile

其他方面的参考资料：

Scholarly paper（Categories of papers） 刊载在《Academic publishing》维基百科方面的解释

Journal Citation Reports® 来自于汤森路透(Thomson Reuters)公司的引用统计报告（其公司的报告被认为是较为权威的评判论文与期刊质量的报告）

Top 100 Materials Scientists, 2000-10, Ranked by Citation Impact 来自Science Watch的论文引用统计