中英文：三个区别、四个规则

中译英考查的，恰恰是中英文三大区别——主谓；连词；动词变化——这三个都是中文没有的现象、或说不需要考虑的要素。

1. 1.     主谓。

英语句子，除了祈使句，主语和谓语，可以说是一个句子的“骨架”。

【规则一】无主谓、不成句。（这里面有两个最容易踩的坑，一个是系动词，一个是不及物动词。）

1. 2.     连词。

这里我们说的连词，主要关注两种情况：两个谓语动词之间、两个主谓（简单句）之间，必有连词。

【规则二】有N个主谓，就有N-1个连词。（也就是所谓“并列句”和“从属句”）

1. 3.     动词变化。

动词变化最复杂。涉及谓语动词的，有时态、语态、主谓一致（三单）；涉及非谓语形式，则考虑（to do；doing或done）。分两种情况：

【规则三】一个主语、两个谓语动词，需要有连词，构成并列谓语；

【规则四】一个主语、一个谓语动词，没有连词，则另一个用非谓语形式。

我们用一个例子来说明：

一名男子骑车看手机，结果撞上公交车，牙摔掉了，上嘴唇也磕破一个口子。

至少有如下处理方式：

【1】A man was cycling, watching his phone, when he bumped into a car, and his teeth were broken and his upper lip was wounded.

	连词	S（主语）	V（谓语）	v（非谓语）
主句		A man	was cycling	watching his phone
从属句	when	he	bumped into a car
并列句	and	his teeth	were broken
	and	his upper lip	was wounded

【2】A man bumped into a car when he watched his phone while cycling, breaking his teeth and wounding his upper lip.

	连词	S（主语）	V（谓语）	v（非谓语）
主句		A man	bumped into a car	breaking his teeth and wounding his upper lip.
从属句	when	he	watched his phone	while cycling
并列句

【3】A man who was cycling and watched his phone bumped into a car, and his teeth and upper lip were broken.

	连词	S（主语）	V（谓语）	v（非谓语）
主句		A man	bumped into a car
从属句	who	who即主语	was cycling and watched his phone
并列句	and	his teeth and upper lip	were broken