高考英语 | 阅读理解设置干扰项的4个方法，准确识别，提高正确率！
阅读理解的干扰项的设置主要有以下四种：
无中生有指凭空捏造的与文章内容没有关系的选项。这些选项内容可能与文章所谈论的问题相关，或与我们的已有常识相关，看上去似乎符合提出的问题，但事实上文章中根本找不到任何依据，因此，是错误选项。
这类干扰项在全国卷中最为常见。
(2019全国Ⅰ卷)Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast (夸耀) about themselves.
We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to _________.
A. help students see their own strengths
B. assess students’ public speaking skills
C. prepare students for their future jobs
D. inspire students’ love for politics
由Whaley’s project很容易找到答题关键句：上述段落的最后两句。其字面意思是：“Whaley说这个项目不仅仅是学习在公共场合阅读和说话。他想让这些孩子学会自我吹嘘。”
再看四个选项：A.帮助学生发现自己的长处；B.评估学生的公开演讲技巧；C.为学生将来的工作做准备；D.激发学生对政治的热爱。正确答案为A项。选项B, C, D三项，符合我们的常识，也符合问题，但文中内容毫无联系。
破解方法：将各选项与文中关键信息对比，逐个排除与原文没有关系的选项。
张冠李戴，就是命题人为了增加迷惑性，在错误选项中使用原文中出现的词汇甚至句式，把本来适用于一种情况的内容移用到其他情况。考生可能只看到了文中出现过的词语，却没有注意到选项是否针对提出的问题作出回答，是否符合题目的要求，造成误选。
(2018全国Ⅱ卷)The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,” says Dunn. “But interactions with peripheral (边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”
What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?
A. It improves family relationships.
B. It raises people’s confidence.
C. It matters as much as formal talk.
D. It makes people feel good.
由题干可知是问研究结果，可迅速找到关键句The results showed… (结果显示，与服务员聊天的人积极情绪明显更高，在咖啡店的体验也更好)，句中“积极情绪更高”“体验更好”与选项D“闲聊会使人感觉更好”相符，为正确答案。但选项C，却利用了文中的matter来迷惑考生，文中是说“与我们社会网络的边缘成员的互动对我们的幸福感很重要”而不是选项C的“闲聊和正式的谈话一样重要”，属张冠李戴。
破解方法：选项中出现原文中单词，不能想当然的就认为是正确答案，仔细对照原文和选项，确定真伪。
这种干扰方法的命题思路是，在对原文进行同义转换或解释的过程中，通过改变一些词汇或表达方法，使改变后的意思与原文意思发生微妙或较大的改变。
(2019全国Ⅲ卷)“China is impossible to overlook,” says Hill. “Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement.”
What does Hill say about Chinese women?
A. They are setting the fashion.
B. They start many fashion campaigns.
C. They admire super models.
D. They do business all over the world.
本题问希尔如何评价中国女性，由Hill的话“中国模特是时尚活动的代言人”“不仅仅是时尚的消费者”“是这场运动的核心”可以推知，希尔认为中国女性是“时尚的引领者”，故选A项。而B选项利用发原文的fashion campaigns，意为“她们发起来许多时尚活动”与文中“她们是美丽和时尚的代言人”意思不同，偷换了概念。
破解方法：把选项与原句仔细比较，根据语境确定正确选项。
这一干扰项用于对句子或词语含义的考查，即利用某个词或句子字面意义代替特定语境中的具体意义。
(2017全国Ⅰ卷) To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.
What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in the paragraph refer to?
A. The tube B. The still
C. The hole D. The cup
本题本是指代题，是要求考生判断画线部分指代前文中的哪个词语，答案是B项。但the water catcher很容易让考生想到装水的杯子，误选项D项。
破解方法：做指代题时千万不要脱离语境，望文生义，而应在上下文，特别是上文中找，找适后代入画线部分，看意义是否通顺，是否符合逻辑。