愚人节,聊聊两个我们一直被骗了的语法
每逢佳节学英文。今天是愚人节,聊聊两个我们一直“被骗”了的语法问题。
前两天我发了条朋友圈,从 Moleskin 的笔记本中学点儿英文:
第一段第二句是这样写的: You love literature, you have a passion for paperbacks, you worship words and savour stories.
有人留言说:这是个病句吧?
有这种质疑很正常,说明语法意识还很强。有些语法和标点符号知识,可能会说这是典型的“run-on sentence”——从语法上来说,两个完整句子不能用逗号连接起来。
如果你是在准备英语考试或者写学术论文,最好严格遵守这则语法规定。不要也要知道:这条规则并不绝对,它也有例外。兰登书屋的编辑 Benjamin Dreyer 在他的语法参考书 Dreyer’s English 中就提到了这一点:
As a rule you should avoid comma splicing, though exceptions can be and frequently are made when the individual sentences are reasonably short and intimately connected: “He came, he saw, he conquered” or “Your strengths are your weaknesses, your weaknesses are your strengths.”
也就是说如果句子比较短、关系紧密,完全是可以用逗号连接两个完整的句子。比如我在读吴军老师的《见识》时,遇到了句名人名言就是这样处理的:
Another exception arises in fiction or fictionlike writing in which such a splice may be effective in linking closely related thoughts or expressing hurried action and even a semicolon—more on the glorious semicolon below—is more pause than is desired.
另外一点是在有文学色彩的表述中也常这样用,主要是保持句子节奏紧凑。比如《双城记》的经典开头就是这样做的:
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of light, it was the season of darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair.
如果把上面的逗号改成句号或者分号,表达效果就会打折扣。一般在学术类作文时并不需要这样的表达效果,一般不会使用。如果不确定是否可以这样用,我建议还是不用逗号连接两个完整句子。
我在此只是想提醒大家:像“You love literature, you have a passion for paperbacks, you worship words and savour stories."这样的句子是常见的、正确的。
再说说 sentence fragments,即“残缺句”“不完整句”:
来看这样一段话:
London. Michaelmas Term lately over, and the Lord Chancellor sitting in Lincoln’s Inn Hall. Implacable November weather.
写得怎么样?
这是狄更斯的 Bleak House 的开头,虽然都是残缺句,但是并没有问题。如 Dreyer 所说:You may not be Charles Dickens, but a well-wielded sentence fragment can be a delightful thing.
如果是有目的地使用残缺句,比如聚焦表示强调,也是可以的。外刊中也经常可以看到这种用法。
举这两个例子想提醒大家语法并不是非黑即白,有时为了某种表达效果,甚至会打破规则。Style: Lessons in Clarity and Grace 中一开始就提醒大家什么是“正确”:
我们要了解规则,要知道“为什么”,也要注意几乎所有的规则都有特例。如 Dreyer's English 尾声所说:There's no rule without an exception (well, mostly)。
昨天在北京老书虫书店参加一个活动,听“中国通”莫大伟(David Moser)和大山(Mark Rowswell)聊学汉语的经历。莫大伟老师举了一个例子:我们在国内学英文说到“为什么”时学的是“why”,不过到了国外可能会发现更常见的是“how come?”
语言是表达途径,更讲究的是习惯而不是逻辑。别陷入“标准答案”“非黑即白”的死胡同。我们外语学习者,首先要掌握基本功,然后就要在阅读中多多注意语言是如何真正被使用,体会语言的灵活和趣味。
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