Python自动化办公系列之Python操作Excel
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作者介绍:
大家可以叫我黄同学(博客名:Huang Supreme),一个应用统计硕士,爱好写一些技术博客,志在用通俗易懂的写作风格,帮助大家学到知识,学好知识!
【作者导语】本文是鉴于有些粉丝的工作需求,有时候需要遇到这些文件的处理。因此,我写了一个文章集合,供大家参考。全篇包括三个章节,分别为:Python使用openpyxl操作excel、python使用PyPDF2和pdfplumber操作pdf、python使用python-docx操作word。本篇为第一章节。
本章目录
章节一
python使用openpyxl操作excel
1、openpyxl库介绍
3、python如何向excel中写入某些内容?
① 向某个格子中写入内容并保存
② .append():向表格中插入行数据
③ 在python中使用excel函数公式(很有用)
④ .insert_cols()和.insert_rows():插入空行和空列
⑤ .delete_rows()和.delete_cols():删除行和列
⑥ .move_range():移动格子
⑦ .create_sheet():创建新的sheet表格
⑧ .remove():删除某个sheet表
⑨ .copy_worksheet():复制一个sheet表到另外一张excel表格
⑩ sheet.title:修改sheet表的名称
⑪ 创建新的excel表格文件
⑫ sheet.freeze_panes:冻结窗口
⑬ sheet.auto_filter.ref:给表格添加“筛选器”
4、批量调整字体和样式
2)获取表格中格子的字体样式
3)设置对齐样式
4)设置边框样式
5)设置填充样式
6)设置行高和列宽
7)合并单元格
上下滚动查看更多
章节一:python使用openpyxl操作excel
1、openpyxl库介绍
openpyxl最好用的python操作excel表格库,不接受反驳; openpyxl官网链接:openpyxl官网 (https://openpyxl.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) openpyxl只支持【.xlsx / .xlsm / .xltx / .xltm】格式的文件;
2、python怎么打开及读取表格内容?
1)Excel表格述语
这里需要大家仔细查看图中的每一项内容,知道什么是“行(row)、列(column)”?什么是“格子(cell)”?什么是“sheet表”?
2)打开Excel表格并获取表格名称
from openpyxl import load_workbook
workbook = load_workbook(filename = 'test.xlsx')
workbook.sheetnames
结果如下:
3)通过sheet名称获取表格
from openpyxl import load_workbookworkbook = load_workbook(filename = 'test.xlsx')workbook.sheetnamessheet = workbook['Sheet1']print(sheet)
结果如下:
4)获取表格的尺寸大小
这里所说的尺寸大小,指的是excel表格中的数据有几行几列,针对的是不同的sheet而言。
sheet.dimensions
结果如下:
5)获取表格内某个格子的数据
① sheet['A1']方式
workbook = load_workbook(filename = 'test.xlsx')sheet = workbook.activeprint(sheet)cell1 = sheet['A1']cell2 = sheet['C11']print(cell1.value, cell2.value)
'''workbook.active 打开激活的表格;sheet['A1'] 获取A1格子的数据;cell.value 获取格子中的值;'''
结果如下:
② sheet.cell(row=, column=)方式
这种方式更简单,大家可以对比这两种方式;
workbook = load_workbook(filename = 'test.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
cell1 = sheet.cell(row = 1,column = 1)
cell2 = sheet.cell(row = 11,column = 3)
print(cell1.value, cell2.value)
结果如下:
6)获取某个格子的行数、列数、坐标
workbook = load_workbook(filename = 'test.xlsx')sheet = workbook.activeprint(sheet)cell1 = sheet['A1']cell2 = sheet['C11']print(cell1.value, cell1.row, cell1.column, cell1.coordinate)print(cell2.value, cell2.row, cell2.column, cell2.coordinate)'''.row 获取某个格子的行数;.columns 获取某个格子的列数;.corordinate 获取某个格子的坐标;'''
结果如下:
7)获取一系列格子
① sheet[]方式
workbook = load_workbook(filename = 'test.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
# 获取A1:C2区域的值
cell = sheet['A1:C2']
print(cell)
for i in cell:
for j in i:
print(j.value)
结果如下:
特别的:如果我们只想获取“A列”,或者获取“A-C列”,可以采取如下方式:
sheet['A'] --- 获取A列的数据sheet['A:C'] --- 获取A,B,C三列的数据sheet[5] --- 只获取第5行的数据
② .iter_rows()方式
当然有.iter_rows()方式,肯定也会有.iter_cols()方式,只不过一个是按行读取,一个是按列读取。
workbook = load_workbook(filename = 'test.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
# 按行获取值
for i in sheet.iter_rows(min_row=2, max_row=5, min_col=1, max_col=2):
for j in i:
print(j.value)
# 按列获取值
for i in sheet.iter_cols(min_row=2, max_row=5, min_col=1, max_col=2):
for j in i:
print(j.value)
结果如下:
③ sheet.rows()
帮助我们获取所有行
workbook = load_workbook(filename = 'test.xlsx')sheet = workbook.activeprint(sheet)for i in sheet.rows: print(i)
结果如下:
3、python如何向excel中写入某些内容?
1)修改表格中的内容
① 向某个格子中写入内容并保存
workbook = load_workbook(filename = 'test.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
sheet['A1'] = '哈喽' # 这句代码也可以改为cell = sheet['A1'] cell.value = '哈喽'
workbook.save(filename = '哈喽.xlsx')
'''
注意:我们将“A1”单元格的数据改为了“哈喽”,并另存为了“哈喽.xlsx”文件。
如果我们保存的时候,不修改表名,相当于直接修改源文件;
'''
结果如下:
② .append():向表格中插入行数据
.append()方式:会在表格已有的数据后面,增添这些数(按行插入); 这个操作很有用,爬虫得到的数据,可以使用该方式保存成Excel文件;
workbook = load_workbook(filename = 'test.xlsx')sheet = workbook.activeprint(sheet)data = [ ['唐僧','男','180cm'], ['孙悟空','男','188cm'], ['猪八戒','男','175cm'], ['沙僧','男','176cm'],]for row in data: sheet.append(row)workbook.save(filename = 'test.xlsx')
结果如下:
③ 在python中使用excel函数公式(很有用)
# 这是我们在excel中输入的公式
=IF(RIGHT(C2,2)='cm',C2,SUBSTITUTE(C2,'m','')*100&'cm')
# 那么,在python中怎么插入excel公式呢?
workbook = load_workbook(filename = 'test.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
sheet['D1'] = '标准身高'
for i in range(2,16):
sheet['D{}'.format(i)] = '=IF(RIGHT(C{},2)='cm',C{},SUBSTITUTE(C{},'m','')*100&'cm')'.format(i,i,i)
workbook.save(filename = 'test.xlsx')
结果如下:
此时,你肯定会好奇,python究竟支持写哪些“excel函数公式”呢?我们可以使用如下操作查看一下。
import openpyxlfrom openpyxl.utils import FORMULAEprint(FORMULAE)
结果如下:
④ .insert_cols()和.insert_rows():插入空行和空列
.insert_cols(idx=数字编号, amount=要插入的列数),插入的位置是在idx列数的左侧插入; .insert_rows(idx=数字编号, amount=要插入的行数),插入的行数是在idx行数的下方插入;
workbook = load_workbook(filename = 'test.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
sheet.insert_cols(idx=4,amount=2)
sheet.insert_rows(idx=5,amount=4)
workbook.save(filename = 'test.xlsx')
结果如下:
⑤ .delete_rows()和.delete_cols():删除行和列
.delete_rows(idx=数字编号, amount=要删除的行数) .delete_cols(idx=数字编号, amount=要删除的列数)
workbook = load_workbook(filename = 'test.xlsx')sheet = workbook.activeprint(sheet)# 删除第一列,第一行sheet.delete_cols(idx=1)sheet.delete_rows(idx=1)workbook.save(filename = 'test.xlsx')
结果如下:
⑥ .move_range():移动格子
.move_range('数据区域',rows=,cols=):正整数为向下或向右、负整数为向左或向上;
# 向左移动两列,向下移动两行
sheet.move_range('C1:D4',rows=2,cols=-1)
演示效果如下:
⑦ .create_sheet():创建新的sheet表格
.create_sheet('新的sheet名'):创建一个新的sheet表;
workbook = load_workbook(filename = 'test.xlsx')sheet = workbook.activeprint(sheet)workbook.create_sheet('我是一个新的sheet')print(workbook.sheetnames)workbook.save(filename = 'test.xlsx')
结果如下:
⑧ .remove():删除某个sheet表
.remove('sheet名'):删除某个sheet表;
workbook = load_workbook(filename = 'test.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
print(workbook.sheetnames)
# 这个相当于激活的这个sheet表,激活状态下,才可以操作;
sheet = workbook['我是一个新的sheet']
print(sheet)
workbook.remove(sheet)
print(workbook.sheetnames)
workbook.save(filename = 'test.xlsx')
结果如下:
⑨ .copy_worksheet():复制一个sheet表到另外一张excel表
这个操作的实质,就是复制某个excel表中的sheet表,然后将文件存储到另外一张excel表中;
workbook = load_workbook(filename = 'a.xlsx')sheet = workbook.activeprint('a.xlsx中有这几个sheet表',workbook.sheetnames)sheet = workbook['姓名'] workbook.copy_worksheet(sheet)workbook.save(filename = 'test.xlsx')
结果如下:
⑩ sheet.title:修改sheet表的名称
.title = '新的sheet表名'
workbook = load_workbook(filename = 'a.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
sheet.title = '我是修改后的sheet名'
print(sheet)
结果如下:
⑪ 创建新的excel表格文件
from openpyxl import Workbook
workbook = Workbook()sheet = workbook.activesheet.title = '表格1'workbook.save(filename = '新建的excel表格')
结果如下:
⑫ sheet.freeze_panes:冻结窗口
.freeze_panes = '单元格'
workbook = load_workbook(filename = '花园.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
sheet.freeze_panes = 'C3'
workbook.save(filename = '花园.xlsx')
'''
冻结窗口以后,你可以打开源文件,进行检验;
'''
结果如下:
⑬ sheet.auto_filter.ref:给表格添加“筛选器”
.auto_filter.ref = sheet.dimension 给所有字段添加筛选器; .auto_filter.ref = 'A1' 给A1这个格子添加“筛选器”,就是给第一列添加“筛选器”;
workbook = load_workbook(filename = '花园.xlsx')sheet = workbook.activeprint(sheet)sheet.auto_filter.ref = sheet['A1']workbook.save(filename = '花园.xlsx')
结果如下:
4、批量调整字体和样式
1)修改字体样式
Font(name=字体名称,size=字体大小,bold=是否加粗,italic=是否斜体,color=字体颜色)
from openpyxl.styles import Font
from openpyxl import load_workbook
workbook = load_workbook(filename='花园.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
cell = sheet['A1']
font = Font(name='微软雅黑',size=20,bold=True,italic=True,color='FF0000')
cell.font = font
workbook.save(filename = '花园.xlsx')
'''
这个color是RGB的16进制表示,自己下去百度学习;
'''
结果如下:
2)获取表格中格子的字体样式
from openpyxl.styles import Fontfrom openpyxl import load_workbook
workbook = load_workbook(filename='花园.xlsx')sheet = workbook.activecell = sheet['A2']font = cell.fontprint(font.name, font.size, font.bold, font.italic, font.color)
结果如下:
3)设置对齐样式
Alignment(horizontal=水平对齐模式,vertical=垂直对齐模式,text_rotation=旋转角度,wrap_text=是否自动换行) 水平对齐:‘distributed',‘justify',‘center',‘leftfill', ‘centerContinuous',‘right,‘general'; 垂直对齐:‘bottom',‘distributed',‘justify',‘center',‘top';
from openpyxl.styles import Alignment
from openpyxl import load_workbook
workbook = load_workbook(filename='花园.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
cell = sheet['A1']
alignment = Alignment(horizontal='center',vertical='center',text_rotation=45,wrap_text=True)
cell.alignment = alignment
workbook.save(filename = '花园.xlsx')
结果如下:
4)设置边框样式
Side(style=边线样式,color=边线颜色) Border(left=左边线样式,right=右边线样式,top=上边线样式,bottom=下边线样式) style参数的种类:'double, 'mediumDashDotDot', 'slantDashDot','dashDotDot','dotted','hair', 'mediumDashed, 'dashed', 'dashDot', 'thin','mediumDashDot','medium', 'thick'from openpyxl.styles import Side,Borderfrom
openpyxl import load_workbook
workbook = load_workbook(filename='花园.xlsx')sheet = workbook.activecell = sheet['D6']side1 = Side(style='thin',color='FF0000')side2 = Side(style='thick',color='FFFF0000')border = Border(left=side1,right=side1,top=side2,bottom=side2)cell.border = borderworkbook.save(filename = '花园.xlsx')
结果如下:
5)设置填充样式
PatternFill(fill_type=填充样式,fgColor=填充颜色) GradientFill(stop=(渐变颜色1,渐变颜色2……))
from openpyxl.styles import PatternFill,GradientFill
from openpyxl import load_workbook
workbook = load_workbook(filename='花园.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
cell_b9 = sheet['B9']
pattern_fill = PatternFill(fill_type='solid',fgColor='99ccff')
cell_b9.fill = pattern_fill
cell_b10 = sheet['B10']
gradient_fill = GradientFill(stop=('FFFFFF','99ccff','000000'))
cell_b10.fill = gradient_fill
workbook.save(filename = '花园.xlsx')
结果如下:
6)设置行高和列宽
.row_dimensions[行编号].height = 行高 .column_dimensions[列编号].width = 列宽
workbook = load_workbook(filename='花园.xlsx')sheet = workbook.active# 设置第1行的高度sheet.row_dimensions[1].height = 50# 设置B列的宽度sheet.column_dimensions['B'].width = 20workbook.save(filename = '花园.xlsx')'''sheet.row_dimensions.height = 50sheet.column_dimensions.width = 30这两句代码,是将整个表的行高设置为50,列宽设置为30;'''
结果如下:
7)合并单元格
.merge_cells(待合并的格子编号) .merge_cells(start_row=起始行号,start_column=起始列号,end_row=结束行号,end_column=结束列号)
workbook = load_workbook(filename='花园.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
sheet.merge_cells('C1:D2')
sheet.merge_cells(start_row=7,start_column=1,end_row=8,end_column=3)
workbook.save(filename = '花园.xlsx')
结果如下:
当然,也有“取消合并单元格”,用法一致。
.unmerge_cells(待合并的格子编号) .unmerge_cells(start_row=起始行号,start_column=起始列号,end_row=结束行号,end_column=结束列号)
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