研究超强女兵，造福后来人
In the nearly four years since the Pentagon announced it was opening all combat jobs to women , at least 30 have earned the Army Ranger tab, two have graduated Marine infantry school and three have passed the grueling initial assessment phase for Green Beret training.
自从五角大楼宣布向女性开放所有战斗岗位以来，近四年来，至少有30人获得了陆军突击队员的头衔，其中有两人毕业于海军步兵学校，还有三人通过了令人精疲力尽的绿色贝雷帽培训的初步评估阶段。
Their numbers are small, but their completion of some of the military's most arduous physical and mental courses has raised an intriguing scientific question: Who are these "hyperfit" women and what makes them so competitive?
她们的人数很少，但她们完成了军队中一些最艰苦的体力和脑力训练课程，引发了一个有趣的科学问题:这些“超级”女性是谁?是什么让她们如此具有竞争力?
Army medical researchers hope to uncover answers in a just-launched voluntary study.
陆军医学研究人员希望在刚刚启动的一项自愿性研究中找到答案。
"We're really interested in those elite women that are the first to make it through physically demanding training," said Holly McClung, a nutritional physiologist at the Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine in Massachusetts.
马萨诸塞州陆军环境医学研究所营养生理学家霍莉·麦克朗说:“我们对那些率先通过高强度体能训练的精英女性非常感兴趣。”
"The real point of the study is to characterize this unique cohort of women that has made it through these traditionally male trainings."
“这项研究的真正目的是描述这一独特的女性群体，她们通过了这些传统的男性培训。”
During early debate on the move to open all combat jobs to women, military leaders raised questions about whether women were up to the jobs or if putting them on the front lines would make units less capable.
在有关向女性开放所有战斗岗位的早期辩论中，军方领导人提出了这样的问题:女性是否能胜任这些工作，或者让她们上前线是否会降低部队的能力。
The Marine Corps sought an exemption to keep some combat jobs closed for precisely that reason, but they were overruled by then-Defense Secretary Ash Carter.
美国海军陆战队寻求获得豁免，或者关闭一些战斗岗位正是出于这个原因，但遭到了时任国防部长阿什·卡特的否决。
Women, however, have increasingly made it through the nine-week Ranger course, and the numbers of those trying out for other special operations jobs is slowly inching up.
然而，越来越多的女性通过了为期九周的突击队员课程，而那些尝试其他特别行动任务的人数也在缓慢上升。
The courses all encompass a number of phases and run from about nine weeks to a year or two for the most elite commando jobs.
这些课程都包括了很多的阶段，从九周到一年或两年的精英突击队工作都有。
They involve a wide array of grueling physical fitness tests, combat water survival, day and night land navigation, long road marches carrying heavy packs, extended patrols through various climates, and extensive mental, psychological and leadership testing.
这些测试包括一系列艰苦的体能测试、水上生存战斗、昼夜陆地导航、背着沉重背包的长途行军、在各种气候条件下的长期巡逻，以及广泛的心理、心理和领导力测试。
The goal, said McClung, is to identify the attributes — whether mental, physical or psychological — that help the women succeed.
麦克朗说，他们的目标是找出帮助女性成功的心理、生理或心理因素。
By unlocking those secrets, maybe they can help other women compete for the same jobs.
通过解开这些秘密，也许她们可以帮助其他女性去竞争同样的工作。
In a small basement office at this Army base in Natick, Massachusetts, McClung and Julie Hughes, a research physiologist, are setting up a treadmill that's linked to a nearby computer.
在这个位于马萨诸塞州纳蒂克的军事基地的一个小型地下室办公室里，麦克朗和研究生理学家朱莉休斯正在搭建一台与附近一台电脑相连的跑步机。
They plan to have the women use a mask and breathing apparatus to calculate each participant's vo2 Max score, a key fitness indicator.
他们计划让这些女性使用口罩和呼吸器来计算每位参与者的最大摄氧量(vo2)，这是一项关键的健康指标。
The score measures how many millimeters of oxygen used per kilogram of body weight per minute; in other words, how much oxygen is being used at a person's peak exercise rate.
分数衡量的是每千克体重每分钟消耗多少毫米氧气;换句话说，一个人在运动的高峰期消耗了多少氧气。
An average sedentary person may have a score of about 30. Top athletes — runners and cyclists — can score in the 80s.
一个久坐不动的人的平均得分可能在30分左右，而顶级运动员——跑步运动员和自行车运动员——得分都在80分左右。
The plan, at this point, is to have the military women come to Natick, in groups of two or three, and go through a range of tests over three days to identify biological and physiological markers that help define them as hyperfit.
在这一点上，我们的计划是让这些女军人两三位一组来到纳蒂克，在三天的时间里进行一系列测试，以确定帮助她们定义为“超级健康”的生物学和生理学指标。
Having several tested at the same time, McClung said, will make it more interesting and encourage competition.
麦克朗说，同时进行几次测试，将使它更有趣，并鼓励竞争。
"This is a unique historical time," said Hughes.
休斯说:“这是一个独特的历史性时刻。”
"There's this group of women who made it through the training so we want to get them to at least do these observational investigations to explore what makes them unique."
“有一群女性通过培训获得了成功，所以我们想让她们至少进行这些观察性调查，以探索是什么让她们与众不同。”
That breathing test, along with others on their blood, calcium and iron levels, as well as bone density scans and exercise programs will be used to determine the women's physical fitness.
这项呼吸测试，以及其他有关血液、钙和铁水平的测试，以及骨密度扫描和锻炼计划，将用于确定这些女性的身体健康状况。
Other written tests and interviews will evaluate their mental toughness and psychological resilience.
其他笔试和面试将评估他们的心理韧性和心理弹性。
The women will take three psychological exams that are designed to determine their grit, hardiness and resilience.
这些女性将接受三项心理测试，旨在确定她们的勇气、坚韧性和适应力。
For example, the military version of the resilience test lists statements and asks people to determine on a scale of one to five if the statement is definitely or mostly false, "don't know" or mostly or definitely true.
例如，军事版的弹性测试列出了一些陈述，要求人们从1到5分来判断这些陈述是肯定的还是大部分是假的，是“不知道”还是大部分是真的。
Some examples of the statements are: I enjoy most things in life; I often feel helpless; I like to have a lot of structure in my life; I carefully plan just about everything I do; it bothers me when my daily routine gets interrupted; and my successes are because of my effort and ability.
比如有些说法包括:我享受生活中的大部分事情;我经常感到无助;我喜欢我的生活有很多结构;我仔细计划我所做的每一件事;当我的日常工作被打断时，我很烦恼;我的成功是因为我的努力和能力。
Mark Esper, President Donald Trump's nominee for defense secretary, said the study will be important to help understand fitness and perhaps reduce injury rates.
唐纳德·特朗普总统提名的国防部长候选人马克·埃斯珀表示，这项研究将有助于了解健康状况，或许还能降低受伤率。
He was serving as Army secretary when this study was first broached.
这项研究首次提出时，他正在担任陆军部长。
"My belief is it's grit — grit gets them through this," he said.
他说:“我的信念是，勇气能让他们度过难关。”
"You have to have a certain level of athletic ability, but they take it to an extraordinary level. These women are tough."
“你必须有一定水平的运动能力，但他们会把它提升到一个非凡的水平。这些女人很强悍。”
McClung said she received word on July 12 that the final study was approved.
麦克朗说，她在7月12日收到消息说，最终的研究得到了批准。
She said that if more women graduate from any of the military training courses, they could be added to the study.
她说，如果有更多的女性从军事培训课程毕业，她们也可以加入这项研究。
McClung and Hughes also said they hope to be able to compare the women's results with similar testing on men.
麦克朗和休斯还表示，他们希望能够将女性的测试结果与男性的类似测试结果进行比较。
It will be up to the women to decide if they want to participate.
否参加将由女兵们自己决定。
But based on feedback from some of the women, they think a number of them will want to take part in the study.
但从一些女性的反馈来看，她们认为很多人会想要参加这项研究。
"I think we're encouraged that they'll be willing to participate," Hughes said. "They want to be counted."
休斯说:“我认为，他们愿意参与，我们感到很受鼓舞。“她们都想加入进来。”
问题
文中提到哪一位人物在把所有战斗岗位向女性开放中起到了重要作用？
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