《出师表》精彩绝伦的英文翻译是如何出炉的?
前段时间,王洛勇用英文演绎的《出师表》让大家直呼惊艳。
《出师表》是我们中学时代语文课本上的重点文章,我相信很多人都背诵过全文。文中所展现的诸葛亮鞠躬尽瘁、死而后已的精神更是流传千古,令人感动和敬仰。
这一次英文版《出师表》的出炉,给人耳目一新的感觉。很多网友说,即使不懂英语,也十分享受王洛勇的声情并茂和抑扬顿挫,还有人说这是一种“耳膜马杀鸡”。
下面,让我们重温一下王洛勇的深情演绎。
让这一次英文版《出师表》大火特火的重要原因,一方面是王洛勇老师高超的语音语调和感情运用;另外一方面,英文翻译很出彩,英语表达精准到位又简洁易懂,十分值得我们学习。
在具体分析这篇《出师表》英文翻译前,我们先熟悉一下时代背景:
公元221年,刘备称帝,诸葛亮为丞相。223年,刘备病死,将刘禅托付给诸葛亮。诸葛亮推行了一系列政治和经济措施,使蜀汉境内呈现兴旺景象。为了实现全国统一,诸葛亮在平息南方叛乱之后,于227年决定北上伐魏,夺取凉州,临行之前上疏后主,以恳切委婉的言辞劝勉后主要广开言路、严明赏罚、亲贤远佞,以兴复汉室;同时也表达自己以身许国,忠贞不二的思想。
下面是我对于《出师表》英语翻译的全盘分析,供大家参考学习:
《出师表》
诸葛亮
臣亮言
Permit me to observe:
【解析】
1)“臣亮言”:即“请允许我说”,permit me to observe(permit sb. to do sth.:允许某人做某事)
2)注意observe一词,除了“观察”之意,还有一层含义--to say or write what you have noticed about a situation(对于某个局势的评论)
先帝创业未半而中道崩殂
the late emperor was taken from us before he could finish his life's work, the restoration of the Han.
【解析】
1)“先帝”:即“已故的帝王”(指刘备),the late emperor(late:adj. 已故的)
2)“中道崩殂”:即“从我们身边被夺走”,was taken from us(很好地把“人情味”体现出来了)
3)“创业未半”:即“在完成他的工作之前”,before he could finish his life’s work
4)the restoration of the Han:“恢复汉室”,这个部分原文中没有,属于对前面“work”的必要解释说明,语法上叫做“同位语”。
今天下三分,益州疲敝,此诚危急存亡之秋也。
Today,the empire is still divided in three, and our very survival is threatened.
【解析】
1)“今天下三分”:即“整个帝国分裂为三个部分”,the empire is still divided in three
2)“益州疲敝”:为了整个译文的易懂性,此部分并未在英文中出现。
3)“此诚危急存亡之秋也”:即“我们的生存遭遇危机(被威胁)”,our survival is threatened.
然侍卫之臣不懈于内,忠志之士忘身于外者
Yet still the officials at court and the soldiers throughout the realm remain loyal to you, your majesty.
【解析】
1)“侍卫之臣”:即“朝中文官”,the officials at court
2)“忠志之士”:即“在外打拼的武将和士兵”,soldiers throughout the realm
3)“不屑于内”和“忘身于外”:意译为“对你保持忠诚”,remain loyal to you
4)your majesty:“陛下”,对于主公、皇帝的尊称
盖追先帝之殊遇,欲报之于陛下也。
Because they remember the late emperor, all of them, and they wish to repay his kindness in service to you.
【解析】
1)“盖追先帝之殊遇”:即“大概(是因为)追念先帝的特殊待遇”,简化译为because they remember the late emperor
2)“欲报之于陛下也”:即“他们想要在服务于你的过程中,报答这份恩情”:they wish to repay his kindness in service to you(*repay:报答;*his kindness:先帝之恩)
诚宜开张圣听,以光先帝遗德,恢弘志士之气
This is the moment to extend your divine influence, to honour the memory of the late emperor and strengthen the morale of your officers.
【解析】
1)“诚宜开张圣听”:即“确实应该广泛地听取群臣的意见”, This is the moment to extend your divine influence(*extend your divine influence:“扩大你神圣的影响力”,属于意译了。)
2)“以光先帝遗德”:即“发扬光大先帝留下的美德”,honour the memory of the late emperor(*honour the memory of…:纪念)
3)“恢弘志士之气”:即“增强官员、将士们的士气”,strengthen the morale of your officers(*the morale:士气、精气神)
不宜妄自菲薄,引喻失义,以塞忠谏之路也。
It is not the time to listen to bad advice, or close your ears to the suggestions of loyal men.
【解析】
1)“不宜妄自菲薄”:即“不应该随随便便地看轻自己”,It is not the time to listen to bad advice(说实话,这里没翻出来。可以这样翻 it is not the time to look down upon yourself)
2)“引喻失义”:即“言谈中称引譬喻不合大义(说话不恰当)”,这句在英文中也没有体现,可以处理成 speak improperly
3“以塞忠谏之路也”:即“拒绝听取忠臣的建议”,close your ears to the suggestions of loyal men
亲贤臣,远小人,此先汉所以兴隆也。
The emperors of the Western Han chose their courtiers wisely, and their dynasty flourished.
【解析】
1)“亲贤臣,远小人”:即“(西汉皇帝)在臣子的选择上十分明智”,The emperors of the Western Han chose their courtiers wisely(属于意译)
2)“此先汉所以兴隆也”:and their dynasty flourished.(*flourish:vi. 兴旺)
亲小人,远贤臣,此后汉所以倾颓也。
The emperors of the Eastern Han chose poorly, and they doomed the empire to ruin.
【解析】
1)“亲小人,远贤臣”:即“东汉的皇帝们在臣子的选择上很糟糕”,The emperors of the Eastern Han chose poorly,
2)“此后汉所以倾颓也”:即“他们让帝国遭受厄运”,they doomed the empire to ruin(*doom…to…:使…遭受厄运;*ruin:vi. 毁灭、崩塌)
先帝在时,每与臣论此事,未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也。
Whenever the late Emperor discussed this problem with me, he lamented the failings of Emperors Huan and Ling.
【解析】
1)“先帝在时,每与臣论此事”:即“每当先帝跟我谈论这个问题时”,Whenever the late Emperor discussed this problem with me,
2)“未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也”:即“他总是哀叹于桓灵二帝的失败”,he lamented the failings of Emperors Huan and Ling(*lament:vt. 哀叹于…)
臣本布衣,躬耕于南阳,苟全性命于乱世,不求闻达于诸侯。
I began as a common man, farming in my fields in Nanyang, doing what I could to survive in an age of chaos. I never had any interest in making a name for myself as a noble.
【解析】
1)“臣本布衣”:即“我一开始只是一个普通人”,I began as a common man
2)“躬耕于南阳”:即“在南阳种田”,farming in my fields in Nanyang
3)“苟全性命于乱世”:即“尽我所能,在乱世中存活下来”,doing what I could to survive in an age of chaos.(*do what one could to:竭尽所能做某事;*an age of chaos:乱世)
4)“不求闻达于诸侯”:即“对于当官出名一事,我也毫无兴趣”,I never had any interest in making a name for myself as a noble.(*make a name:成名)
先帝不以臣卑鄙,猥自枉屈,三顾臣于草庐之中,咨臣以当世之事。
The late Emperor was not ashamed to visit my cottage and seek my advice.
【解析】
1)“先帝不以臣卑鄙,猥自枉屈”:即“先帝不觉得难为情” (“不以臣卑鄙,猥自枉屈”可以合并翻译),the late Emperor was not shamed to…
2)“三顾臣于草庐之中,咨臣以当世之事”:即“拜访我的小屋,寻求我的意见”,visit my cottage and seek my advice(数字“三”并无体现)
由是感激,遂许先帝以驱驰。
Grateful for his regards, I responded to his appeal and threw myself into his service.
【解析】
1)“由是感激”:即“由于感激他的对我的尊重”,grateful for his regards(*该部分作原因状语,*grateful for:对…表示感激;*regards:尊重)
2)“遂许先帝以驱驰”:“于是答应先帝竭尽全力奔走效劳”,I responded to his appeal and threw myself into his service.(*appeal:请求)
先帝知臣谨慎,故临崩寄臣以大事也。
The late Emperor always appreciated my caution and, in his final days, entrusted me with his cause.
【解析】
1)“先帝知臣谨慎”:即“先帝懂我的谨慎”,The late Emperor always appreciated my caution(*appreciate:欣赏、领会;*caution:谨慎)
2)“故临崩寄臣以大事也”:即“在他最后的日子,委托我一件大事”,in his final days, entrusted me with his cause(*cause:事业)
受命以来,夙夜忧叹,恐托付不效,以伤先帝之明。
Since that moment, I have been tormented day and night by the fear that I might let him down.
【解析】
1)“受命以来”:即“自从那一刻”,since that moment(术语意译)
2)“夙夜忧叹”:即“我日日夜夜遭受到极大的痛苦”,I have been tormented day and night(*torment:拷打、使…感到痛苦)
3)“恐托付不效,以伤先帝之明”:可以合并理解为“害怕让先帝失望”,by the fear that I might let him down.(*the fear也是前句torment的施动方。)
故五月渡泸,深入不毛。
That is why I crossed the Lu river at the height of summer, and entered the wastelands beyond.
【解析】
1)“故五月渡泸”:即“所以我在盛夏之际渡过泸水”,That is why I crossed the Lu river at the height of summer
2)“深入不毛”:即“进入到遥远的荒地”,entered the wastelands beyond.
今南方已定,兵甲已足。
Now the south has been subdued, and our forces are fully armed.
【解析】
1)“今南方已定”:即“现在南方已经被平定”,Now the south has been subdued(*subdue:压制、平定)
2)“兵甲已足”:即“我们的力量已经装备完全”,our forces are fully armed.(*arm可作动词,表示“装备”)
当奖率三军,北定中原,庶竭驽钝,攘除奸凶,兴复汉室,还于旧都。
I should lead our soldiers to conquer the northern heartland and attempt to remove the hateful traitors, restore the house of Han, and return it to the former capital.
【解析】
1)“当奖率三军,北定中原”:即“奖励并率领我们的将士征服中原”,I should lead our soldiers to conquer the northern heartland,(*中原:northern heartland,即“北部中心地带”;“奖”并无翻译出来,可以用reward)
2)“庶竭驽钝,攘除奸凶”:“尽力拔出可恨的叛徒”,attempt to remove the hateful traitors(*庶竭驽钝:竭尽我的全力,attempt to)
3)“兴复汉室”:即“恢复汉朝的家业”,restore the house of Han(*house在此为比喻用法)
4)“还于旧都”:即“把汉室归还到以前的都城”,return it to the former capital
此臣所以报先帝 而忠陛下之职分也。
This is the way I mean to honor my debt to the late Emperor and fulfill my duty to you.
【解析】
本句的意思为“所以我打算报答先帝,同时履行我对你的责任”,This is the way I mean to honor my debt to the late Emperor and fulfill my duty to you.(*mean to:决定、打算;honor one’s debt to:报答;*fulfill one’s duty:履行某人的职责)
愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效。
My only desire is to be permitted to drive out the traitors and restore the Han.
【解析】
本句意思为“愿陛下把驱逐叛徒、兴复汉室的机会交给我”,My only desire is to be permitted to drive out the traitors and restore the Han.(*be permitted to:被允许做某事;*drive out:驱逐)
不效,则治臣之罪,以告先帝之灵。
If I should let you down, punish my offense and report it to the spirit of the late Emperor.
【解析】
1)“不效”:即“如果做不出成效”,也就是“如果我让你失望了”,if I should let you down(if I should do…:对将来情况的一种假设,属于虚拟语气)
2)“则治臣之罪”:即“惩罚我的过错”,punish my offense
3)“以告先帝之灵”:即“把我的过错汇报给先帝在天之灵”,report it to the spirit of the late Emperor
陛下亦宜自谋,以咨诹善道,察纳雅言,深追先帝遗诏。
Your Majesty, consider your course of action carefully. Seek out good advice, and never forget the last words of the late Emperor.
【解析】
1)“陛下亦宜自谋”:即“请仔细考虑你的做法”,consider your course of action carefully(*course of action:做法、行动步骤)
2)“以咨诹善道,察纳雅言”:合并理解为“寻求好的意见”,Seek out good advice
3)“深追先帝遗诏”:即“永远不要忘记先帝的临终之言”,never forget the last words of the late Emperor.
臣不胜感激 今当远离。
I depart now on a long expedition, and I will be forever grateful if you heed my advice.
【解析】
1)“臣不胜感激”:即“(如果你重视我的意见)我会永远感激”,I will be forever grateful if you heed my advice.
2)“今当远离”:即“今日我要开启一段长途旅程”:I depart now on a long expedition(*depart:离开、出发、启程)
临表涕零,不知所言。
Blinded by my own tears, I know not what I write.
【解析】
1)“临表涕零”:即“面对这份奏表,我不禁落泪”,Blinded by my own tears(*“哭瞎”。。。译者也是入戏太深,赞一个)
2)“不知所言”:即“不知道我写了什么”,I know not what I write(比I don’t know what I write更书面化。*当牛人写了一篇逻辑清晰、文笔出众、感人至深的文章后,说“不知道自己写了什么”,让其他人情何以堪。。。)
我们发现,其实文言文的翻译,也可以很简单。这篇英文翻译就是一个很好的案例。要想做到这一点,有以下三个步骤:
① 充分理解原文;
② 用相对口语化的方式对原文进行诠释;
③ 用相应地道的英文词汇、短语、句型组织语言。
如果说汽车是现代工业制造皇冠上的明珠,那么翻译实际上是英语学习皇冠上的明珠,好的翻译能力是词汇量、语法功底、阅读理解能力、写作能力的集中体现。
翻译是慢功夫,要在不断实践中逐步积累。我愿以自己多年的实战经验,带着大家提升理解水平、翻译水平、写作水平。