专家之言丨肖兆华：实战应用型英语课堂用语（一）
英语课堂用语是英语课上教师和学生之间进行互动的重要渠道和载体，对提高英语教学质量的重要意义是众所周知、不言而喻的。
为贯彻落实“讲好中国故事，传播中国声音”的重要指示，实现我国教育部提出的全面提升课堂教学质量的目标，我欣然尝试想写出适合我国英语课堂教学特色的英语课堂用语3000句，每次以50句为一组，前25句供全国师范院校及教师进修学校英语课使用，后25句供全国中小学英语课使用。当然这两部分也不是截然分开的，只是有所偏重而已，各位英语老师在课堂上根据实际情况选择使用，如果英语老师有什么需求，希望我们的课堂英语向什么方向倾斜，可以向全国自主教育联盟提出。
另外，在疫情没有结束之前，我有一个“萧老师边抽烟边谈翻译美学”的课程，这个课程对联盟内的所有英语老师及爱好英语的其他学科老师也是适用的。该课程以微信朋友圈的方式进行，因为抽烟是不好的习惯，所以在教师群里改为“萧老师每日三句难译之译”课程。听说读写译，译字当头，译顺百顺，译通百通，由全国自主教育联盟专门为此建立一个微信群，我将该课程的难句及答案提供给全国自主教育联盟，由全国自主教育联盟负责每日为大家转发作业和答案。参加其群，你会觉得获益匪浅，疫情过后，此课程是否继续进行，到时再定。
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专家介绍
肖兆华：中国翻译协会专家会员、全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试CATTI英语阅卷组成员，长期从事外交工作，著名翻译家及翻译教育家，全国自主教育联盟专家顾问 。
实战应用型英语课堂用语
1.英语语法是处理英语单词和句子的结构和功能的学科。
English grammar deals with structures and functions of the words and sentences of the English language.
2.英语语法通常分为词法和句法两大部分。
English grammar is usually divided into two parts:Morphology and Syntax.
3.在词法部分，我们学习不同种类的英语单词，以及他们的变换形式，也就是学习名词和代词的数和格，学习动词的时态语态和语气以及形容词和副词的原级比较级和最高级形式。
In morphology, we study the different classes of English words, and their inflexion, that is, the forms of number and case of nouns and pronouns, the forms of tense, voice, mood, etc. of verbs and the forms of the three degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs.
在句法部分，我们学习单词的排列组合，也就是学习不同种类的单词，怎样组成句子，以及句子的不同类型，结构功能意思等等。
In Syntax, we study the arrangement of words, that is, how words of different classes are combined into sentences, and also different types and kinds of sentences, their structures, functions, meanings, etc.
4.英语的十大词类：①名词 ②冠词 ③代词 ④形容词 ⑤数词 ⑥动词 ⑦副词 ⑧介词 ⑨连接词 ⑩感叹词
The ten parts of speech in the English language:
①the Noun ②the Article ③the Pronoun ④the Adjective ⑤the Numeral ⑥the Verb ⑦the Adverb ⑧the Preposition ⑨the Conjunction ⑩the Interjection
5.名词、代词、形容词、数词、动词和副词都有独自的意义，在句子里都独自担任某一成分，所以被称为实词。
Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs and adverbs have their independent meaning and also their independent parts to play in the sentence. They are called notional words.
6.冠词、介词、连接词、感叹词都没有独自的意义，在句子里也不承担某一成分，它们被称为虚词。
Articles, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections have no independent meanings and do not serve as a part in the sentence, so they are called form words.
7.在英语里，当两个名词一起出现时，第一个名词总是作定语，修饰第二个名词。
In English language, when two nouns appear together, the first one is always used as an attribute to modifying the second one.
8.在英语里，当两个或两个以上动作同时发生时，其中必定只有一个动作是主要的，其他动作都是次要的；表示主要动作的动词必须以谓语的形式出现，表示次要动作的动词只能以非谓语的形式出现。
In the English language, when two or more actions occur together, there must be only one action which is of the first importance, the other actions are just of the secondary importance.The verb that represents the actions of first importance must appear in the predicate form ,while the verb that denote the actions of the secondary importance must appear in the non-predicate form.
9.读一个句子，不仅要关注它字面上的意思，还要关注它的上下文来确定它的意思。
When we read a sentence ,we must not only pay attention to its lexical meaning but also to its contextual meaning.
10.什么叫句子？句子就是能够表达完整的意思的一个单词或一组单词。
What is a sentence? A sentence is a word or a group of words that can make complete sense.
11.具体情况具体分析是马克思主义的灵魂。
Making a concrete analysis of each concrete problem is the essential of Marxism.
12.“Study”这个单词既可作名词，也可作动词，作动词时，既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词，当他作及物动词时，后面必须跟一个宾语，才能表达完整的意思。
The world“study” can be used both as a noun and as the verb.When it is used as the verb, it can be used both transitively and intransitively. When it used transitively, it must have an object to follow so as to make complete sense.
13.英语的名词分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。物质名词和抽象名词如果跟在不定冠词后面，就变成个体名词，例如：玻璃（物质名词）glass，民主（抽象名词）democracy，但是a glass（一只玻璃杯），a democracy（一个民主国家）。
English nouns are classified into individual nouns, collective nouns, material nouns and abstract nouns. Yet, when a material noun or an abstract noun directly follows an indefinite article, it turns to an individual noun. For example,：
glass (玻璃) a glass (一只玻璃杯) democracy (民主) a democracy (一个民主国家).
14.一个好句子，必须是语法正确，逻辑合理，结构完美，朗朗上口。
A nice sentence should be grammatically correct, logically right ,of good structure and easy to say.
15.名词还可分为可数名词和不可数名词。
English nouns can also be divided into countable nouns and uncountable nouns.
16.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
A countable noun has two forms：singular and plural.
17.名词作定语时，通常以单数形式出现，例如，五颗星（five stars），但是五星红旗应该说the Five Star Red Flag；三条腿（three legs），而三条腿的桌子应该说a three-leg table。
When a noun is used as an attribute, it must appear in the singular form. For example, 五颗星(five stars), yet China’s national flag should be said “the Five Star Red Flag”, and for the same reason, 三条腿(three legs), but a table supported by three legs should be said “a three-leg table”.
18.复合名词变成复数时，只将主体名词变成复数。例如，an evening school→evening schools，a paper tiger→paper tigers，a story-teller→story-tellers，an editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief。
The plural of compound nouns written separately or with hyphens is formed by making the principal word plural.
For example:
an evening school→evening schools,
a paper tiger→paper tigers,
a story-teller→story-tellers,
an editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief.
19.另外要注意，英语中存在名词化的动名词，例如savings，belongings.
The verbal nouns ending in ”ing” are another point we must pay attention to .
For example:
savings(存款)，belongings(随身携带物品).
20.有些名词的复数形式表示特殊的意思，例如，custom风俗，customs关税；letter字母，letters文学；work工作，works工厂。
There are also differentiated plurals.
For example:
custom风俗,customs关税
letter字母,letters文学
work工作，words工厂
21.代词是用来代替名词、形容词或数词的词，代词分为：
①人称代词 ②物主代词 ③自身代词 ④相互代词 ⑤指示代词
⑥疑问代词 ⑦关系代词 ⑧连接代词 ⑨不定代词
A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun, an adjective or a numeral. Pronouns are divided into:
①Personal pronouns (人称代词)
②Possessive pronouns (物主代词)
③Self-pronouns (自身代词)
④Reciprocal pronouns (相互代词)
⑤Demonstrative pronouns (指示代词)
⑥Interrogative pronouns (疑问代词)
⑦Relative pronouns (关系代词)
⑧Conjunctive pronouns (连接代词)
⑨Indefinite pronouns (不定代词)
22.当it这个词作人称代词时，它通常不表示人而是表示一个东西或一个动物，这个东西或动物前面已被提及。
When the word “it” is used as a personal pronoun, it is not generally applied to a person but to a thing or animal just mentioned.
23.当it这个词作非人称代词时，它通常在句子里担任主语，表示时间、天气、事物的状态等。
When the word ”it” is used as an impersonal pronounce,it's great generally used as a subject in impression of time,weather,state and things.
24.先行词it既可以作形式主语也可作形式宾语，使用先行词it的主要目的就是使句子避免头重脚轻。
An anticipatory ”it” may play a function as either a formal subject or a formal object. The main purpose of using an anticipatory ”it” is to the sentence well balanced.
25.物主代词有两个形式，结合形式和独立行事，结合形式向形容词放在被它修饰的名词前面，独立形式相当于名词，例如:
这是我的书(This is my book)这里的my相当于形容词。
这书是我的(This book is mine)这里的mine相当于名词。
There are two sets of possessive pronouns: conjoin forms and absolute forms.A possessive pronoun in conjoint form is like an adjective while a possessive pronoun in absolute form is like a noun.For example:
This is my book(这是我的书)Here in this sentence the word “my”is like an adjective.This book is mine(这书是我的)Here in this sentence the word “mine”is like a noun.
26.打开网络连接。
Start the internet.
27.请与因特网连接上。
Please connect to the Internet.
28.双击屏幕上的浏览器图标。
Double- click the explorer icon on the screen.
29.现在连接到学校主页。
Now，log in to the school homepage.
30.打开链接。
Follow the link.
31.点击链接。
Click on the link.
32.在网上查找新冠病毒的相关信息。
Search for Information about coronavirus on the Internet.
33.请把你们的作业发到班级主页上。
Please put your homework on your class homepage.
34.请把你们今天学到的东西，写在公告板上
Write about what you have learned today on the board.
35.请从资源库里下载练习文件夹。
Please download the exercise file from the resource room.
36.请把你们的作业邮件发给我。
Please e-mail your work to me.
37.我们了解一下英语国家使用的网络语言吧。
Let's learn about Internet language used in English-speaking countries.
38.咱们看看美国的表情图标吧。
Let's have a look at emotions in the USA.
39.这些表情图标和我们所使用的有什么不同？
How are the different from the emotions we use?
40.网络礼仪是使用网络时要遵守的一套规章条例
Net etiquette is a set of rules you have to follow when you use the internet.
41.请你们都能听见声音吗？
Can you all hear the sound?
42.音量合适吗？
Is the volume all right?
43.声音太大了。
The sound is too loud.
44.请调低音量。
Please turn down the volume.
45.连接有点问题。
We’ve got a bad connection.
46.检查一下电源是否打开了。
Check if the power is on.
47.修理过程中，请大家保持安静。
Please be quiet while I get it fixed.
48.不要把个人数据保存在电脑上。
Don't save personal data on the computer.
49.未经允许，不要下载任何程序。
Don't download any program unless l tell you to.
50.别忘记关闭显示器。
Don't forget to turn off the monitor.
自主教育主张：
做好自己；
构建支持性环境；
成就彼此
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