黄庭坚《廉颇蔺相如列传》颤笔技法
“宋四家”之一黄庭坚,其草书的巨大成就,在《廉颇蔺相如列传》长卷大放异彩。丰富多样的掠笔、带笔、蹲笔,尤其是独创的颤笔技法,让线条极富振荡感,洋溢着活跃跃的韵律之美,赋予了草书以崭新的境界。《廉颇蔺相如列传》作为山谷51岁时的成熟代表作,此帖已走出了早期《花气诗帖》用笔生硬、少圆转的起步状态,更加完善了中期《杜甫寄贺兰铦诗帖》笔法圆劲、笔势连绵的特点。
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释文:廉颇者,赵之良将也。赵惠文王十六年,廉颇
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为赵将伐齐,大破之,取阳晋,拜为上卿,以勇
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气闻於诸侯。蔺相如者,赵人也,为赵宦者令
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缪贤舍人。赵惠文王时,得楚和氏璧。
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秦昭王闻之,使人遗赵王书,原以十五城请
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易璧。赵王与大将军廉颇诸大臣谋:
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欲予秦,秦城恐不可得,徒见欺;欲勿予,即患秦
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兵之来。计未定,求人可使报秦者,
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未得。宦者令缪贤曰:“臣舍人蔺相如可使。”王问:“何以
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知之?”对曰:“臣尝有罪,窃计欲亡走燕,臣
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舍人相如止臣,曰:君何以知燕王?’臣语曰:臣尝从
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大王与燕王会境上,燕王私握臣手,曰“原结友”。
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以此知之,故欲往。’相如谓臣曰:夫赵强而燕弱,而君
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幸於赵王,故燕王欲结於君。今君乃亡赵走燕,
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燕畏赵,其势必不敢留君,而束君归赵矣。
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君不如肉袒伏斧质请罪,则幸得脱矣。’臣
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从其计,大王亦幸赦臣。臣窃以为其人
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勇士,有智谋,宜可使。”於是王召见蔺相如
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曰:“秦王以十五城请易寡人之璧,可予不?”相如曰:“秦
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强而赵弱,不可不许。”王曰:“取吾璧,不予我城,奈
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何?”相如曰:“秦以城求璧而赵不许,曲在赵。
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赵予璧而秦不予赵城,曲在秦。均之
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二策,宁许以负秦曲。”王曰:“谁可使者?”
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相如曰:“王必无人,臣原奉璧往使。城入赵而璧留
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秦;城不入,臣请完璧归赵。”赵王於是遂遣相如奉
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璧西入秦。秦王坐章台见相如,相如奉璧奏
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秦王。秦王大喜,传以示美人及左右,左右皆呼万
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岁。相如视秦王无意偿赵城,乃前曰:“璧有瑕,
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请指示王。”王授璧,相如因持璧却立,倚
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柱,怒发上冲冠,谓秦王曰:“大王欲得璧,使人
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发书至赵王,赵王悉召群臣议,皆曰 秦贪,
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负其强,以空言求璧,偿城恐不可得’。议不欲予
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秦璧。臣以为布衣之交尚不相欺,况大国乎!且以一
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璧之故逆强秦之驩,不可。於是赵王乃斋戒五日,使
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臣奉璧,拜送书於庭。何者?严大国之威以修
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敬也。今臣至,大王见臣列观,礼节甚倨;得璧,
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传之美人,以戏弄臣。臣观大王无意偿赵王城邑,
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故臣复取璧。大王必欲急臣,臣头今与璧俱
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碎於柱矣!”相如持其璧睨柱,欲以击柱。秦
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王恐其破璧,乃辞谢固请,召有司案图,
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指从此以往十五都予赵。相
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如度秦王特以诈详为予赵
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城,实不可得,乃谓秦王曰:“和氏璧,天下所
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共传宝也,赵王恐,不敢不献。赵王送璧时,斋戒
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五日,今大王亦宜斋戒五日,设九宾於廷,臣乃
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敢上璧。”秦王度之,终不可强夺,遂许斋
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五日,舍相如广成传舍。相如度秦王虽斋,决负
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约不偿城,乃使其从者衣褐,怀其璧,
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从径道亡,归璧于赵。秦王斋五日后,乃设
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九宾礼於廷,引赵使者蔺相如。相如至,谓秦
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王曰:“秦自缪公以来二十馀君,未尝有坚明约束
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者也。臣诚恐见欺於王而负赵,故令人持璧归,间
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至赵矣。且秦强而赵弱,大王遣一介之使至赵,赵立
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奉璧来。今以秦之强而先割十五都予赵,赵岂
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敢留璧而得罪於大王乎?臣知欺大王之罪
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当诛,臣请就汤镬,唯大王与群臣孰计
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议之。”秦王与群臣相视而嘻。左右或欲引
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相如去,秦王因曰:“今杀相如,终不能得璧也,而绝
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秦赵之驩,不如因而厚遇之,使归赵,赵王岂
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以一璧之故欺秦邪!”卒廷见相如,毕
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礼而归之。相如既归,赵王以为贤大夫使不辱於诸
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侯,拜相如为上大夫。其后与秦王会渑池,相如功大,
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拜为上卿,位在廉颇之右。廉颇曰:“我有攻城野战
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之大功,而蔺相如徒以口舌为劳,位居我上,我见相如,
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必辱之。”相如出,望见廉颇,引车避匿。舍人相
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与谏,请辞。相如曰:“相如虽驽,独畏廉将军
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与谏,请辞。相如曰:“相如虽驽,独畏廉将军哉?今之视廉将(此处大段删节原文)军,孰与秦王?顾强秦不敢加
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兵於赵者,徒以吾两人在也。两虎共斗,
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其势不俱生。吾所以为此者,先国家之急而
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后私雠也。”
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喜欢的小朋友一定要多多说说自己的意见,我们一起来讨论,分享自己的观点,说的不对的也要指出来