Buchwald-Hartwig反应
配体的选择是偶联反应成功的最关键因素,以应用最广泛的联芳基膦类配体为例,此类配体在空气中相对稳定,而且都是易于称量操作的固体。在此类催化剂中增加磷原子上取代基的体积可以加速还原消除历程(AdBrettPhos),而富电子的取代基有助于加强氧化加成能力。相连的芳基可以阻止P的氧化使催化剂更稳定,并加速还原消除,相连芳基上的取代基则可以加速LPd的形成,与P相连芳基上的取代基则有助于还原消除(Me3(OMe)tBuXPhos)。BrettPhos更加适用于伯胺的偶联反应,而RuPhos更适用于仲胺的偶联反应【Chem. Sci., 2011, 2, 27–50】。
操作一:
An oven-dried Schlenk tube was charged with cesium carbonate which had been finely ground with a mortar and pestle (1.4 eq) in a nitrogen-filled glovebox. The tube was capped with a rubber septum and removed from the glovebox. The tube was then charged with Pd2(dba)3 or Pd(OAc)2 and BINAP or PPF-OMe, and purged with argon. The aryl bromide (1.0 eq), the amine (1.2 eq), and toluene (2 mL/mmol halide) were added, and the mixture was heated to 100 oC with stirring until the starting material had been consumed as judged by GC analysis. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ether (20 ml), filtered, and concentrated. The crude product was then purified by flash chromatography on silica gel.
操作二:
Pd(OAc)2 (0.025 mol%) and P(t-Bu)3 or Xantphose (0.10 mol%)(Phosphine/Pd=4:1) were added to the suspension of aryl halide (40 mmol), diarylamine (40 mmol) and NaOtBu (48 mmol) in o-xylene (60 mL) in N2 atmosphere. The mixture was heated for 3 h at 120 oC. Subsequently, it was cooled to room temeperature. H2O (60 mL) was added to it, the organic layer was separated and concentrated. The crude product was then purified by flash chromatography on silica gel or re-crystallization with MeOH/THF.
常见的条件汇总
催化剂的1或4,为相应的L1或L4与苯乙胺和氯化钯络合物,如
反应机理
催化循环:
反应实例
【J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 1133-1135】
【J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7217-7218.】
【J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 5575-5580】
【J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 4224-4225】
【Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2000, 10, 183-187】
【Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 355-358】
【Org. Syn. 2002, 78, 23-30】
【J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 9135-9142】
【Tetrahedron 2004, 60, 5737-5750】
【J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 3606-3607】
【Synthesis 2008, 2764-2770】
Stephen Buchwald1982年在Jeremy Knowles 的指导下在哈佛大学获得Ph.D.。他现在是麻省理工的教授。
1990年John Hartwig 在Robert Bergman 和 Richard Anderson的指导下在加州大学伯克利分校获得Ph.D. 。2006年他从耶鲁大学转到了伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校,2011年后又从UI-UC转到了加州大学伯克利分校从事研究工作。Hartwig 和 Buchwald分别独立的发现了此反应。
相关文献
1. (a) Paul, F.; Patt, J.; Hartwig, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5969-5970.
(b) Mann, G.; Hartwig, J. F. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5413-5418. (c) Mann, G.;Hartwig, J. F. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 8005-8008.
2. (a) Guram, A. S.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7901-7902. (b) Palucki, M.; Wolfe, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 10333-10334.
3. Wolfe, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 1133-1135.
4. Driver, M. S.; Hartwig, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7217-7218.
5. Wolfe, J. P.; Wagaw, S.; Marcoux, J.-F.; Buchwald, S. L. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 805-818. (Review).
6. Hartwig, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 852-860. (Review).
7. Frost, C. G.; Mendonça, P. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1998, 2615-2624. (Review).
8. Yang, B. H.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 576, 125-146. (Review).
9. Hartwig, J. F.; Kawatsura, M.; Hauck, S. I.; Shaughnessy, K. H.; Alcazar-Roman, L.M. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 5575-5580.
10. Wolfe, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. Org. Syn. 2002, 78, 23-30.
11. Urgaonkar, S.; Verkade, J. G. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 9135-9142.
12. Csuk, R.; Barthel, A.; Raschke, C. Tetrahedron 2004, 60, 5737-5750.
13. Janey, J. M. Buchwald–Hartwig amination, In Name Reactions for Functional Group Transformations; Li, J. J., Corey, E. J. Eds.; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2007, pp 564-609.(Review).
14. Li, J. J.; Wang, Z.; Mitchell, L. H. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 3606-3607.
15. Lorimer, A. V.; O’Connor, P. D.; Brimble, M. A. Synthesis 2008, 2764-2770.
16. Nodwell, M.; Pereira, A.; Riffell, J. L.; Zimmerman, C.; Patrick, B. O.; Roberge, M.; Andersen, R. J. J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 995-1006.
17. Witt, A.; Teodorovic, P.; Linderberg, M.; Johansson, P.; Minidis, A. Org. Process Res.Dev. 2013, 17, 672–678.
18. Raders, S. M.; Moore, J. N.; et al. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 4649-4664.
参考资料:
一、J.J. Li, Name Reactions: A Collection of Detailed Mechanisms and Synthetic Applications, Buchwald–Hartwig amination,page 91-94.
二、Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis, László Kürti andBarbara Czakó, Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling, page 70-71.