【猪译馆】配种管理指南 （连载一）
前言 Foreword
丹育猪以高产著名于世，但由于猪场建设、饲养管理等诸多方面的挑战，让丹育猪在中国的生产性能未能达到预期，但丹育种猪在中国养猪业的受青睐程度仍越来越高。猪译馆特收集整理了一系列丹育相关资料，目前正在转载当时丹麦养猪研究中心制作的丹育《配种管理手册》，敬请关注。
编者的话 Editor's Note
配种是新一轮生产的开始，配种质量会直接影响受胎率、分娩率、产仔数、断奶数等一系列关键的KPI。因此配种舍的正确管理有助于提高和维持母猪高产、稳产。本手册详细讲解了不同生产模式下查情和配种的各种技巧，其中很多章节图文并茂可以直接作为SOP使用。
1. 发 情 鉴 定
H EA T CO N TRO L
成功的授精需要好的发情鉴定
A Succesful Insemination Requires A Good Heat Control
经产母猪通常在断奶后的第3-4天进入发情前期。
The sows’ pre heat usually occurs 3rd-4th day after weaning.
通常在断奶后的第4-5天出现明显的发情。当母猪受到公猪或授精人员的刺激而表现出静立反射时，她已经发情明显了。Standing oestrus normally occur 4th-5th day after weaning. Standing oestrus is shown, when the sow shows standing reflex by stimulation from the boar or inseminator.
发情鉴定的“5个要点”：
Oestrus control is performed after 5-point plan:
1. 用手或膝盖压（震颤）猪的腹部两侧
Shock in the flank with hand or knee
2. 双手抓住并向上提腹股沟
Push and lift in the groin crease
3. 用手或膝盖施压阴户下面
Shock under the vulva with hand or knee
4. 交叉按压荐部
Cross grip
5. 骑背测试。
Riding test
用公猪刺激母猪。
Use the boar to get the sows stimulated.
对断奶后的经产母猪的发情鉴定，通常在第3-5天每天进行1次查情，超过5天，每天进行2次查情。
Sows that gets into heat in the period from 3rd-5th day after weaning, should be heat controlled once a day. Gilts and sows, coming into heat later than 5 days, are checked for heat twice a day.
发情期母猪的骑背测试。
Riding test of a sow in heat.
错误的栏位设计，导致不能进行“5个要点”的发情鉴定。
The box design may make it difficult to implement the 5-point plan.
有效的发情鉴定需要细心照料
Safely Heat Control Requires Care
由于在发情鉴定时出现应激或紧张，一些母猪（尤其是那些年轻的、小的和体弱的母猪）不会出现明显的发情。
By stress/anxiety around heat control some sows (typically young, small and weak rank sows) won’t show standing heat.
1.2.1发情鉴定不准确可导致：
Poor Heat Control May Include:
授精时间不对
Wrong time of insemination
1. 母猪不怀孕
The sow will not get pregnant
2. 子宫炎的风险增加
Increased risk of causing metritis.
未能及时观察到发情的母猪
Sows in heat will not be observed
1. 非生产天数增加。
There will be too many none-productive days.
2. 没有授精的母猪会占据配种舍的栏位。
The sows that have not been inseminated will fill up place in the mating unit.
3. 该周配好种的母猪数量下降，或每周配好种的母猪的群体数量不均匀（浪费产床）。
There will be lack of mated sows in the groups or the groups are uneven in size.
补充说明
Additional Comments : Heat Control
发情前期是为真正的静立反射做准备。发情前期持续1-2天，且可以观察到母猪的一些反应。如母猪的外阴红肿，食欲降低，焦躁不安并增加对周围环境的兴趣。在群体饲养舍中的母猪会设法爬跨其它母猪，特别是那些占支配地位的母猪。不是所有的母猪在发情前期都会有明显的特征。发情鉴定不能单单以这些特征为依据。
Pre-heat is a preparation for the real standing heat. The pre-heat lasts 1-2 days and is seen by the animal by having swollen and red genital, poor appetite, restless behavior and increased interest in their surroundings. Loose sows will try to jump on other animals – particularly the dominant sows show this behavior. Not all animals show clear signs of pre-heat. Heat control must not be based on these characters alone.
静立反射通常持续2-3天。排卵通常发生在静立反射期间2/3的时间点。最佳的授精时间是在排卵前的24小时至排卵后的4小时之间
Standing heat usually lasts 2-3 days. Ovulation occurs 2/3 in the oestrus. The optimal insemination time is from 24 hours before to 4 hours after ovulation.
1.3.1最佳授精时间
Optimal Insermination Time
授精时间和排卵时间的对照（来源：丹麦Hatting KS人工授精站）
Insemination time relative to ovulation (source: Hatting KS)
从断奶到发情出现的时间与发情期的长短是负相关的。也就是说，断奶后较早发情的母猪发情期相对较长，而断奶后较晚发情的发情期相对较短。
The period from weaning to heat occurrence is inversely correlated with heat length. This means that a sow, which comes into heat shortly after weaning has a relatively long heat, while sows, which come into heat later, has a short heat.
授精人员通过模仿公猪对母猪的刺激，来进行发情鉴定（5个要点）。如果母猪处于明显发情时，就不会拒绝授精人员的骑背。在发情期的开始和结束时，通常要做大量工作，才能使母猪出现静立反射。
When the inseminator performs heat control it is done by imitating the boars touch on the sows stimulating point (5-point plan). If the sow is in standing heat, it will not protest that you sit up on it. In the first and last part of the heat, you usually have to work harder to get the sow to show standing heat.
如果母猪能够看到、闻到公猪并与之有口鼻接触，发情鉴定会变得更轻松。这头公猪必须在母猪面前表现活跃，如可用擦拭过母猪的纸，来刺激公猪。让公猪在群养母猪群里自由走动来进行发情鉴定，但这需要监督，以避免公猪和母猪的自然交配。
Heat control becomes easier if you can have a boar to go in front of the sows, which they can see, smell and have snout contact with. The boar must be active in front of the sows you work with. The boar can be activated with for example wiping paper from the sows. Leaving the boar walking around in a group of sows to perform heat control requires monitoring, so mating is avoided.
对断奶后母猪的发情鉴定，通常在第3-5天每天进行1次查情，超过5天的难以预测发情期长短，每天进行2次查情。“奶妈”母猪或那些非正常断奶的母猪，在断奶当天就可能进入发情期，这些母猪应一天进行一次发情鉴定。
Sows that come into heat at the 3rd-5th day should be checked for heat once a day. Gilts and sows coming into heat later than the 5th day after weaning can be difficult to predict with regard to heat length. It is therefore recommended to check for heat twice a day with these sows. Nursing sows, flex-weaned and sows, that have been stalled etc. may come in heat already on the day of weaning. These sows should be heat controlled once a day.
要在查情簿上记录每头母猪发情鉴定的时间、发情期的长短和发情结束的时间。记录这些是为了确定该群体中母猪平均发情期的长短，从而为该群体制定授精方案。由于季节性变动，在制定授精方案前要对整个群体进行两次发情鉴定。
At a heat checklist is noted when each sow is heat controlled and how long it is in heat and when it was over. The purpose of noting it is to determine the average length of heat with the sows in the herd. From this you can make an insemination strategy for the herd. The whole herd should be heat controlled twice before an insemination strategy can be determined due to seasonal variation.
2. 精 液 的 收 取 和 储 存
RECEIVIN G AN D STO RAG E O F SEM EN
精液的收取和储存
Receiving And Storage Of Semen
1. 精液储存的地方必须没有气流，不寒冷。如果地面有发热装置，需注意精液是否有温度升高的危险。
The place where semen is delivered must be free from drafts and cold. If there is heat in the floor you must be aware if the risk that the semen becomes too hot.
2. 精液送来时，从包装盒中取出并放置在精液专用冰箱中，在同一层上尽量让精液间保持一定的距离。
When semen is delivered, remove it from its package and place it in the semen closet and as far as possible in one layer.
3. 精液必须储存在16-18℃ 中。
The semen must be stored between 16 ℃ and 18 ℃.
4. 精液专用冰箱必须有最低/最高温度计，这样可确保完全控制温度。
There must be a min/max thermometer in the semen closet, so temperature can be controlled.
5. 当精液被带进猪舍时，必须保存在16-18 ℃的温度中。
When semen is taken into the unit, it must be stored at 16 ℃ to 18 ℃.
6. 这决定了猪舍中的精液能否在第二天使用。在适当的保存条件下，用于商品猪生产的精液可保存4天，纯种猪精液只能保存2.5天。
It is determined whether the semen that has been in the unit can be used the next day. With proper storage, production semen can last for four days and purebred semen can last for 2½ day.
谨记精液专用冰箱的最低/最高温度计。
Remember min/max thermometer in the semen closet.
精液的保存不当会导致繁殖性能下降。
Improper storage of semen resulting poor reproductive performance.
精液的不当保存
Improper Storage Of Semen
如果精液保存不当，会造成返情增多和/或窝产仔数减少。
If the semen is not stored properly, it causes more returners and/or lower litter size.
经常检查：
Always check:
1. 到达时的精液温度。如精液太冷（低于16℃），需要标注。如可能的话，要拿到公猪站的记录（其中有精液送出公猪站时的温度记录）。
The semen’s temperature on arrival. If the semen is cold, it must be noted. If possible get a sign of admission at the boar station.
2. 精液专用冰箱中的当前温度。
Current temperature in the semen closet.
3. 最低/最高温度计。请记录下温度，这样就能很清楚的知道温度是否检查过了。
Min/max thermometer. Please note comments down, so it is clear that the thermometer is checked.
不要：
Do not:
1. 在使用之前让精液升温，否则下次不能再使用。
Warm the semen before use, it can’t be reused.
2. 将精液放在有阳光的窗台上。
Put the semen in sunny windowsills.
3. 继续使用在口袋里储存过的精液（这些应舍弃不用）。
Save the semen that has been stored in your pocket. They must be thrown away.
补充说明
Additional comments – Receiving And Storage Of Semen
如果农场没有能够满足要求的房间，至少应装备一个橱柜。橱柜必须能承受-10 ℃的低温。需要注意的是该橱柜没有任何的温度控制。
If there is no room on the farm which can meet the requirements, there shall be invested in a receiving cabinet. It must be able to withstand being in a room with temperature down to -10 ℃. Be aware that a receiving cabinet does not have climate control.
到达农场时，精液的温度通常比建议的18℃要高一点，所以在送到之后，尽快将其放进精液专用冰箱很重要。如果可以的话，应收到精液送货时间的消息。
The semen is often a bit warmer than the recommended 18 ℃ upon arrival at the farm. Therefore it is important to get it in the semen closet as soon as possible after delivery. If possible, get a text message on the delivery time.
精液的温度低于15℃时，精液的受精能力会被破坏。如果精液的温度高于18℃，精子会消耗能量，返情的风险会增加。然而，精液太冷比太热更不好。
When semen comes below 15℃ the semen’s fertilization ability is damaged. If the semen’s temperature rises above 18℃, the sperm cells will use energy and the risk of returners increases. However, it is worse that the semen gets too cold than too hot.
为了说明精液在专用冰箱中的“故事”，必须有最低/最高温度计。它会显示从最后一次取用精液后温度的变化。精液专用冰箱中的温度计是一个瞬间的状态。每一次从专用冰箱中取出精液时，都要读取温度计并记录下温度，这样每个人都可知道温度是否检查过了。温度计需悬着或竖在冰箱里，如果是横着放的，测量出来的温度会不够精确。
To tell the semen”story” in the semen closet, there must be a min/max thermometer. It tells about the changes that have been in temperature since last use of semen. The thermometer in the semen closet is an instant image. Read the min/max thermometer each time there is taking semen from the closet and possibly note the temperature down so everyone can see that there has been checked up on it. The thermometer should hang or stand up in the closet. If it is lying down, it will not measure accurately enough.
在不保温的配种舍里，要注意精液大幅度的降温或升温。因此，不要取出多于一次需要量的精液。
In uninsulated service units there should be focus on strong cooling or heating of the semen. Therefore, do not bring more portions than the once that will be needed.
如果怀疑精液温度太低（15℃），弃用该批精液。如果精子在太热的地方暴露了一段时间，也应弃用。然而，没有具体的建议说明精子暴露在高于 18 ℃的地方多久才不能再用。如果怀疑，就弃用该批精液。由于检测精液质量比较困难，建议只从专用冰箱中取出所需要的精液份数。
If there is doubt if the semen has been too cold (15℃), throw it away. If sperm has been exposed to heat for a long time, it should also be thrown away. However, there are no recommendations for how long the sperm must have been above 18℃ before it is unusable. If in doubt, throw away the semen. Since it can be difficult to assess semen quality, it is advisable to take only the number of doses out of the closet to be used.
未完待续……
To be continued…
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