水看世界 | 从雨中的城市街道走进历史深处——墨尔本1890~2018供排水事业概述
墨尔本是澳大利亚第二大城市，世界著名的旅游城市和南半球最重要的国际大都市之一。墨尔本是澳洲文化与工业中心，享有“澳大利亚文化之都”的美誉。墨尔本还是南半球第一个主办夏季奥运会的城市，1956年夏季奥运会就曾在此举行。
本文开头通过反映当代街景的黑白照片《雨中的墨尔本》带领读者穿越时光、走进历史，以时间轴的形式介绍自1890年至2018年间墨尔本供排水行业的发展历史。
Over the past 120 years Melbourne Water has played a significant role in the development of our city. Find out more about key moments in our organisation’s history below.
过去120年来，墨尔本水务已在我们城市发展中扮演了一个重要的角色。让我们从下面更多地找出我们机构历史进程中的一些关键时间点。
To provide water to Melbourne, a city of half a million people, water was diverted to Melbourne from the Watts River (near Healesville), via the Maroondah aqueduct.
为了给墨尔本这座人口达50万的城市供水，人们通过马隆达赫引水渠将水从靠近希勒斯维尔的瓦特斯河分流到墨尔本。
Melbourne Water’s predecessor, the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works (MMBW) was formed to take responsibility for both water supply and the treatment of sewage.
组建同时承担供水与污水处理职责的墨尔本及大都会工部局委员会——墨尔本水务的前身。
Around the same time, approximately 157,000 hectares of forest in the Yarra Ranges was closed to the public to catch, store and filter rainwater. Melbourne is one of only five cities in the world with protected water catchments.
同时，雅拉河范围内约157,000公顷（1570平方公里）森林对公众关闭用以雨水的汇集、贮存与过滤。墨尔本是目前世界上仅有的五座拥有处于保护之下的汇水区的城市之一。
Construction began on Melbourne’s sewerage system under the leadership of the MMBW’s first engineer-in-chief, William Thwaites. A treatment farm was built at Werribee and a pumping station was built at Spotswood (now the site of the Scienceworks Museum) to send the city's waste to Werribee.
在墨尔本及大都会工部局委员会首任总工程师威廉.瑟威特斯的领导下，墨尔本污水系统开始兴建。在威利比建造了一处污水处理场，在斯博茨伍德（现为科学作品博物馆所在地）建造了一座泵站以将城市污水输往威利比。
Western Treatment Plant (then known as Werribee Farm) began operations and the first Melbourne homes were connected to the sewerage system.
西区污水处理厂（当时称为威利比农场）开始投入运营，同时第一批墨尔本家庭用户被接入污水系统。
By 1910, there were 123,227 connections to Melbourne's water supply system and 105,993 connections to the sewerage system.
到了1910年，墨尔本供水系统接入123,227户，污水系统接入105,993户。
Despite periodic floods in many parts of the city, very little had been done to develop a drainage system for Melbourne. The Metropolitan Drainage and Rivers Act was established to define the city's drainage requirements. Many wetlands were drained or filled in for development, and some creeks and rivers were altered for flood control.
尽管这座城市的许多地方发生过周期性的暴雨积水，但是墨尔本在防汛排水系统建设方面几乎没有什么做为。随后颁布了《大都会排水与河道法案》以定义与规定墨尔本的防汛排水需求。在防汛排水建设中，许多湿地被排干或填掉，有的小溪与河流因为防汛需要而被改道。
Maroondah Reservoir was completed in 1927, O'Shannassy Reservoir in 1928 and Silvan Reservoir in 1932, which saw Melbourne's water storages increase from 30,000 million litres to 104,500 million litres.
马隆达赫水库于1927年竣工，奥桑纳西水库于1928年竣工，席尔万水库于1932年竣工——这些共同见证了墨尔本的贮水量从3000万吨增加到1.045亿吨。
Extreme storms caused widespread flooding. Port Phillip Bay experienced record high tides and the Yarra River reached 12 meters above normal height. It became clear that the city needed a better drainage system.
极端暴雨引发了大范围积水。菲利普港海湾经历了创纪录的高潮位，同时，雅拉河水位比寻常水位高出12米。这就清楚地表明，这座城市需要一个更好的防汛排水系统。
After delays caused by the Great Depression, low cost loans and the release of unemployment relief funds eventually helped to finance large-scale drainage works. New, stable and less flood-prone riverscapes began to take shape.
在20世纪30年代大萧条所导致的拖延与耽搁之后，低成本贷款（低息贷款）以及失业救济金的发放最终有助于大规模防汛排水项目的融资。因此，新的、稳定的且不易发生洪水的河道愿景开始形成了。
After delays caused by World War II construction began on the Upper Yarra Reservoir and a major scheme of pipelines and tunnels to bring more water to Melbourne.
为了向墨尔本提供更多的原水，在第二次世界大战所导致的拖延与耽搁之后，上雅拉水库（即雅拉河上游水库）及一项由管线与隧道组成的重大工程开始动工。
Rapid population growth after World War II in Melbourne meant that new supplies of water were urgently required.
第二次世界大战之后墨尔本人口的快速增长意味着那里急需新的供水。
The Upper Yarra Reservoir was completed, tripling Melbourne's total water storage to nearly 300,000 million litres.
上雅拉水库（即雅拉河上游水库）竣工，墨尔本总贮水量因此翻了三倍，接近3亿吨。
Many parts of the water supply system were replaced or renewed.
供水系统的许多部分被替换或更新。
The introduction of the Environment Protection Act in 1970 ensured a major improvement in river health. Industrial waste had to be treated rather than being emptied directly into rivers and creeks. Many of Melbourne's outer suburbs and rural areas were connected to the sewerage system.
1970年，《环境保护法案》的引入确保了在河道卫生方面的一项重大改进与提高。即，工业废水必须经过处理而不是直接倾倒到河流与小溪中。墨尔本的很多远郊与农村地区被接入污水系统。
To meet growing demand in the western suburbs, particularly during summer, a reservoir was completed at Greenvale.
为了满足西郊不断增长的需求、尤其是在夏季，位于格林韦尔的一座水库竣工了。
Construction of Cardinia Reservoir was completed. As part of a new Victorian Government policy that fluoride should be added to all public water supplies, construction began on local fluoridation plants.
卡迪尼亚水库完成建造。作为维多利亚州政府一项新的政策，所有公共供水中必须加氟，因此当地开始建造加氟水厂。
A five year independent study of Port Phillip Bay was completed, which concluded the bay was generally in good condition for a city the size of Melbourne, however there were heavily polluted 'hot spots' around the mouths of rivers, creeks and drains, particularly the Yarra River, the Patterson River and Mordialloc Creek.
一项有关菲利普港海湾为期五年的独立研究完成了。其结论是，对于一座像墨尔本这样规模的城市来说，菲利普港海湾总体上状况良好；尽管如此，在各条河流、小溪与排水渠的入海口附近存在很多严重污染的“热点”，尤其是雅拉河、帕特森河与莫迪亚洛克小溪入海口周围。
Flash flooding in the Maribyrnong River, Moonee Ponds Creek and Merri Creek caused havoc. In response to this disaster, the MMBW installed monitoring devices to measure flow levels and linked these to the Board's telemetry system to provide early flood warning.
发生在马里比尔农河、穆尼庞茨小溪与梅尔里小溪的大洪水引起了严重破坏与混乱。为了应对这场灾难，墨尔本及大都会工部局委员会安装了监测装置以测量流量与水位，同时还将这些装置连接到该委员会的遥测系统以提供早期洪水预警。
Melbourne’s second major sewage treatment plant, the Eastern Treatment Plant in Bangholme opened. The 1100-hectare plant was built to relieve pressure on the Western Treatment Plant.
墨尔本第二座主要的污水处理厂，即位于班霍尔梅的东区污水处理厂开始投入运营。建造这座占地1100公顷（11平方公里）污水处理厂是为了减轻西区污水处理厂所面临的压力。
The Drainage of Lands Act strengthened the MMBW's ability to prevent development of flood-prone land. This heralded a new approach to drainage in which engineers tried to mimic nature, by slowing down flood waters through retarding basins and flood plains, rather than trying to get rid of flood waters as fast as possible.
《土地排水法案》增强了墨尔本及大都会工部局委员会阻止洪水易发地扩大的能力。这预示着一种新的防汛排水方法的诞生，即工程师们试图模拟自然界的天然过程——通过起阻滞、调蓄作用的拦洪水库与泄洪区让洪水的流速慢下来而不是尽可能快地将洪水排掉。
The Thomson Reservoir, the largest capacity reservoir ever built by the MMBW, was officially connected to Melbourne on 31 July, 1984.
汤姆森水库——墨尔本及大都会工部局委员会至此所建最大的水库于1984年7月31日被正式连接到墨尔本。
The MMBW merged with a number of smaller urban water authorities to form Melbourne Water.
墨尔本及大都会工部局委员会在兼并了许多更小的城市水务机构之后组建了墨尔本水务。
Melbourne Water and the CSIRO announced an $11 million study into the health of Port Phillip Bay. The study was the first of its kind and took five years. It recommended reduction in nitrogen to the bay.
墨尔本水务与CSIRO共同宣布斥资1100万澳元开展菲利普港海湾卫生状况研究。这一研究是这种类型研究项目中的首个并历时五年。这一研究建议要减少该海湾中的氮排放量。
In September Melbourne Water's telemetry (flood warning) system was put to the test and proved a great success – providing early warning of the heaviest flooding in the Maribyrnong River since 1974.
1993年9月墨尔本水务的遥测（洪水警报）系统投入试验并被证明是一个巨大的成功——提供了自1974年以来马里比尔农河最大洪水的早期预警。
Melbourne Water commences operation as the wholesale water company, together with City West Water, South East Water and Yarra Valley Water as Melbourne’s retail water companies.
与作为墨尔本零售型水务公司的城市西区水务、城市东区水务及雅拉河谷水务一起，墨尔本水务开始以批发型水务公司的身份投入运营。
Melbourne Water announced the $130 million Healthy Bay Initiative, consisting of major works and environmental improvements at the Western Treatment Plant and the construction of 10 wetlands in Melbourne's south-east growth corridor, designed to improve the health of Port Phillip Bay by reducing nitrogen flows from the Western Treatment Plant and stormwater run-off.
墨尔本水务宣布了一项1.3亿澳元的“健康海湾倡议”，这一倡议由西区污水处理厂内的重大工程与环境改善以及在墨尔本的“东-南增长走廊”建造10处湿地组成，旨在通过减少来自西区污水处理厂与暴雨径流中的氮排放量而改善与提高菲利普港海湾的卫生状况。
The Victorian Government put in place a long-term plan for water, Our Water Our Future, which set out 110 initiatives for water conservation aimed at every sector of the community, seeking to provide water to sustain growth over the next 50 years.
维多利亚州政府开始实施一项长远的水务规划，我们的水，我们的未来，即提出了针对社区每个组成部分的共计110项节约水资源倡议，其目标是寻求在下一个50年内为可持续增长而供水。
Western Treatment Plant upgrade commenced. The main aim of the upgrade was to reduce nitrogen loads to the bay and make available a reliable supply of high quality recycled water for farms, parks, market gardens and other uses.
西区污水处理厂开始升级改造。这次改造的主要目标是减少排放到菲利普港海湾的氮负荷，同时可靠地为农场、公园、商业化的菜园及其它用途提供优质再生水。
Melbourne's water storages received the lowest annual inflows on record. Storages dropped from 58.4% in January to 38.9% in December.
墨尔本的水库贮水量录得创纪录的最低年流入量。贮水量从1月份的占总库容58.4%下降到12月份的38.9%.
A major upgrade of the Eastern Treatment Plant to improve the quality of the treated effluent it produces was announced. The upgrade to tertiary treatment will reduce impact on marine environment at Boags Rocks, where treated water is discharged and make available more options to use treated water for non-drinking purposes (recycled water) and will be completed by end 2012.
当年宣布将对东区污水处理厂进行重大升级改造以提高经过处理的出水水质。将该厂升级到三级处理将会减少对受纳水体——博阿格斯岩礁区域海洋环境的影响，同时，将这样的出水作为非饮用水（再生水）使用还可以有更多的用途。该厂的升级改造将于2012年年底完成。.
The next stage of the Victorian Government’s Our Water Our Future plan to secure Melbourne's water supply was announced. Planning is underway to divert water from the Goulburn River to the Sugarloaf Reservoir, construct a seawater desalination plant in Wonthaggi, upgrade the Eastern Treatment Plant, and reconnect the Tarago Reservoir to Melbourne's water supply network
当年宣布了维多利亚州政府“我们的水，我们的未来”计划的下一阶段以确保墨尔本的供水。这一计划正在进行中，包括将古尔奔河的水分流到旭戛卢夫水库、在沃萨奇建造一座海水淡化厂、升级东区污水处理厂以及将塔拉戈水库重新连接到墨尔本的供水系统。
Devastating bushfires in February damaged about 30% of Melbourne's water supply catchments to some degree. Most of this was in the O'Shannassy and Maroondah catchments
毁灭性的林区大火在不同程度上破坏了墨尔本大约30%用于供水的汇水区。这些破坏主要发生在奥桑纳西汇水区与马隆达赫汇水区。
Melbourne's water storages fell to 25.5% in June, the lowest level since the Thomson Dam began filling in 1984.
墨尔本的贮水量在六月份降到了25.5%，这是自1984年汤姆森水库开始注水以来的最低水位。
The major catchments received the highest annual rainfall since 1996, which resulted in the largest volume of streamflow into the reservoirs since 2000. The strong result marked a significant turnaround in the 18 months since storages hit an all-time low of around 25% in June 2009.
几个主要的汇水区接纳了自1996年以来最大的年降雨量，这导致了自2000年以来各水库最大的雨水流入量。这一强劲的贮水量增长结果标志着自2009年6月以大约25%的贮水量跌到历史最低点以来的一个重大逆转。
The Eastern Treatment Plant upgrade now complete. The plant is now one of the most sophisticated facilities of its kind after it was completed 2012.
东区污水处理厂升级改造现已完成。自2012年竣工以来，目前该厂所拥有的工艺装置是同类污水处理厂中最复杂的之一。
Community involvement in caring for our rivers and creeks, stronger environmental regulation, a more sustainable approach to urban development and water sensitive urban design, and major changes in rural areas (such as intensified farming practices) are all having a positive impact on water quality and river and creek health.
社区参与爱护我们的河流与小溪、更强有力的环境监管、城市发展与对水敏感性城市设计中更加可持续的方法以及农村地区的主要变革（诸如强化农业实践等）——所有这一切对水质以及河道、小溪卫生都具有积极的影响。
We are determined to protect the environment by cutting our carbon footprint. As well as our goal of 100% renewable energy use by 2018, we are also working hard to achieve our goal of zero net greenhouse gas emissions by 2018.
我们决心通过削减我们的碳足迹（即碳排放）来保护环境。为了实现我们于2018年100%使用可再生能源的目标，我们还努力工作以达到我们2018年温室气体净排放量为零这一目标。
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