航行途中货物分解产生有毒气体，船长下令弃船、船舶全损

后面有中文翻译：

International trade association Intercargo,which represents the interests of dry cargo vessel owners, has called on theInternational Maritime Organization (IMO) to correct the designation of certainammonium nitrate-based fertilizer cargo under the IMSBC code in response to therecent publication of the casualty report into the total loss of the M/VCheshire (IMO 9593646).

In August 2017 the 2012-built supramax bulkcarrier was en route from Norway to Thailand, fully loaded with cargo declaredby the shipper as being “Ammonium NitrateBased Fertilizer (Non-hazardous)” and not liable toself-sustaining decomposition.

The Isle of Man ShipRegistry’s casualty report into the incident determined that thethermal decomposition of the ammonium-based fertilizer cargo occurred eventhough all required safeguards were in place on board the vessel.

The vessel suffered cargodecomposition that led to rising temperatures in the cargo holds and thegeneration of toxic gases. The decomposition spread throughout the length ofthe vessel to such an extent that, after several days, the vessel’s Master took the decision to evacuate the crew. Afterseveral days adrift under the supervision of the Spanish Authorities, thevessel was eventually salvaged but, due to extensive damage, it was declared atotal loss.

Intercargo noted thatAmmonium Nitrate Based Fertilizer (non-hazardous) was currently designated inthe IMSBC Code as a group C cargo, meaning it did not liquefy (group A) norpossess chemical hazards (group B).

Intercargo said it wasclear from the Cheshireincident that this cargo, or at least some of the ammonium nitrate-based fertilizersshipped as this cargo, should not be treated as group C.

“It is Intercargo’s hope that future work at the IMO will lead to the correct designationand description of this cargo within the IMSBC Code, thus furthering the safercarriage of cargoes and safer voyages,” Intercargo said.

The report recommendedamending the misleading cargo name from “Ammonium Nitrate Based Fertilizer (non-hazardous)” to “Ammonium NitrateBased Fertilizer (not otherwise classified)”, that fertilizer manufacturers provide furtherinformation on the behaviour and carriage of this cargo, and consideration ofwhether the current IMO-stipulated test for assessment of self-sustainingdecomposition properties of an ammonium nitrate based fertilizer was adequate.

Other recommendations inthe report included the provision of specialist equipment onboard the vessel,monitoring of the cargo atmosphere by the crew, and the development of cargoand ship-specific procedures related to the carriage of this cargo. Intercargosaid that it was of the strong opinion that these additional precautions, whichwere being called upon to be the responsibility of the vessel, ought to beunnecessary if the cargo was group C.

“The IMSBC Code, which is mandatory under SOLAS,stipulates that the Shipper should provide the vessel with all the appropriateinformation that enables a cargo to be carried safely. It is Intercargo’s belief that accurate cargo information, provided by theshipper, is the cornerstone for the safe carriage of bulk cargoes,”  the associationsaid.

国际贸易协会 Intercargo代表干货船所有者的利益,呼呼国际海事组织(MO)纠正某些nitrate-basedIMSBC-铵肥料的指定货物代码以响应下最近出版的伤亡报告的全损M/VCheshire (IMO9593646)

2017年8月,2012年建 supramax成的货船在从挪威前往泰国的途中,满载着托运人申报的“硝酸铵基化肥(无害)”且不易于自我分解的货物。

马恩岛船舶登记局对该事故的伤亡报告确定,尽管船上已采取了所有所需的安全措施,但氨化肥料货物仍发生了热分解。

这艘船的货物腐烂,导致货舱温度上升,并产生有毒气体,这种分解在整个船体上扩散开来,以至于几天后,船长做出了疏散船员的决定。在西班牙当局的监督下漂流了几天后,这艘船最终获救,但由于严重损坏,它被宣布为全损。

Intercargo指出,硝酸铵基肥料(无害)目前在 IMSBC代码中被指定为C类货物,这意味着它不液化(a类),也不具有化学危险(B类)。

Intercargo表示,从事件中可以清楚地看出,这批货物,或至少部分作为这批货物装运的硝酸铵肥料,不应被视为类 Cheshirg

Intercargo表示:“Intercargo希望国际海事组织的未来工作能够在 IMSBC规则范围内对此类货物进行正确的命名和描述,从而进一步提高货物运输和航行的安全性报告建议修改误导货物名称从“基于硝酸铵化肥(无害)”“基于硝酸铵肥料(不分类),肥料制造商提供进一步的信息的行为和运输货物,并考虑是否当前Mo -stipulated-测试评估的自我维持的分解性质基于硝酸铵肥料是足够的。

报告中的其他建议包括在船上提供专业设备,由船员监测货物气氛,以及制定与运输这批货物有关的货物和船舶专用程序, Intercargo表示,强烈认为,如果货物是C组,就没有必要采取这些被要求由船只负责的额外预防措施。

根据《海上人命安全公约》(SOLAS), IMSBC规则是强制性的,规定托运人应向船舶提供使货物能够安全运输的所有适当信息 Intercargo相信,由托运人提供的准确货物信息是散装货物安全运输的基石。

认识硝酸铵的的特性和用途

纯净的硝酸铵是无色无臭的透明结晶或呈白色的小颗粒结晶，与碱反应有氨气生成，且吸收热量。有潮解性，易结块 [1] 。易溶于水同时吸热，还易溶于丙酮、氨水，微溶于乙醇，不溶于乙醚。

热分解

硝酸铵受热分解温度不同，分解产物也不同。

在110°C时：NH4NO3→NH3+HNO3

在185～200°C时：NH4NO3→N2O+2H2O

在230°C以上时，同时有弱光：2NH4NO3→2N2+O2+4H2O

在400°C以上时，剧烈分解发生爆炸：4NH4NO3→3N2+2NO2+8H2O

纯硝酸铵在常温下是稳定的，对打击、碰撞或摩擦均不敏感。但在高温、高压和有可被氧化的物质（还原剂）存在及电火花下会发生爆炸，硝酸铵在含水3%以上时无法爆轰，但仍会在一定温度下分解，在生产、贮运和使用中必须严格遵守安全规定。

硝酸铵是极其钝感的炸药，比安全炸药c4更为钝感。一支工业8#雷管(起爆c4只是用6#就可以了)都不足以起爆混合了敏化剂的硝酸铵。硝酸铵是最难起爆的硝酸炸药，撞击感度是：50kg锤50cm落高，0%爆炸。相比起著名炸药硝化甘油的200g锤，20cm落高，100%爆炸的感度，可见硝酸铵的钝感。而且硝酸铵一旦溶于水，起爆感度更是大大下降，根本是人力不可能撞击引爆的。

主要用作肥料及工业用和军用炸药。并可用于杀虫剂、冷冻剂、氧化氮吸收剂，制造笑气、烟火等。

点滴分析铱，氧化剂，催化剂，致冷剂，制备氧化亚氮(笑气)，制造焰火和炸药，农业上用作肥料,总氮量在34%左右,有速效性肥料之称，大量用于制造无烟火药，化学工业用于制造笑气、医药维生素B。轻工业制造无碱玻璃。