牛头梗犬 FCI国际纯种犬标准
注：该标准中文版翻译自FCI国际纯种犬标准英文版，已发布于CKU官网-犬种百科
23.12.2011 /EN
FCI-国际纯种犬标准第 11 号
BULL TERRIER
牛头梗犬
本图片不一定代表此犬种的理想类型
ORIGIN: Great Britain.
起源：英国
DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE OFFICIAL VALID STANDARD: 05.07.2011.
正式生效标准发布日期：2011年7月5日
UTILIZATION: Terrier.
用途：梗犬。
FCI-CLASSIFICATION:
Group 3 Terriers.
Section 3 Bull type Terriers.
Working trial optional.
FCI分组：
第3组：梗犬组
第3类：牛类梗
工作犬测试可选。
BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY :
It was a certain James Hinks who first standardised the breed type in the 1850s, selecting the eggshaped head. The breed was first shown in its present form at Birmingham in 1862. The Bull Terrier Club was formed in 1887. The truly interesting thing about the breed is that the standard says quite deliberately, “There are neither weight nor height limits, but there should be the impression of maximum substance for size of dog consistent with quality and sex. Dog should at all times be balanced.”
A smaller example of the Bull Terrier has been known since the early 19th century but fell out of favour prior to the First World War and was removed from the Kennel Club Breed Register in 1918. In 1938, a revival was spearheaded by Colonel Richard Glyn and a group of fellow enthusiasts who formed the Miniature Bull Terrier Club. The standard is the same as that of the Bull Terrier with the exception of a height limit.
历史沿革：
19世纪50年代，一个叫作詹姆斯·希金斯（James Hinks）的人选出头部呈鸡蛋形的牛头梗犬，首次将此犬种类型标准化。1862年，该犬种初次以现有结构状态在伯明翰参加展赛。1887年，牛头梗犬俱乐部成立。关于此犬种真正有趣的是在该犬种标准中有这样一句非常谨慎的描述，“牛头梗犬既没有体重的限制也没有身高的限制，但犬只尺寸、骨量应最大限度地符合犬只级别和性别要求。不管何时，犬只都应保持身体均衡。”
19世纪初期，一种较为小型的牛头梗犬为人熟知，但却在第一次世界大战爆发之前失宠并于1918年从牛头梗犬俱乐部犬种登记簿中移除。1938年，陆军上校理查德·格林（Richard Glyn）及一群成立迷你牛头梗犬俱乐部的积极分子带头掀起了小型牛头梗犬的复兴运动。除身高限制外，迷你牛头梗犬的标准与牛头梗犬犬种标准相同。
GENERAL APPEARANCE:
Strongly built, muscular, well balanced and active with a keen, determined and intelligent expression. A unique feature is a downfaced, egg-shaped head. Irrespective of size dogs should look masculine and bitches feminine.
整体外貌：
体格健壮，肌肉发达，体形匀称，精力旺盛，热情、坚定而聪明。独特之处是头部下斜、呈蛋形。无论大小，公犬外观应具阳刚之气，而母犬则显阴柔之美。
BEHAVIOUR/TEMPERAMENT: Courageous, full of spirit, with a fun loving attitude. Of even temperament and amenable to discipline. Although obstinate is particularly good with people.
行为/秉性：牛头梗犬号称犬类的"斗士"，好斗、勇敢。性情温和且守纪，顽劣倔强但与人相处良好。
HEAD: 头部
HEAD: Long, strong and deep right to end of muzzle, but not coarse. Viewed from front egg-shaped and completely filled, its surface free from hollows or indentations. Profile curves gently downwards from top of skull to tip of nose.
头部：长、结实且深至口吻末端，不粗糙。前视时如蛋形且丰满，表面没有凹陷或短缺。侧视时，头顶到鼻尖的曲线缓和向下。
CRANIAL REGION: 颅部区域
Skull: Top of skull almost flat from ear to ear.
头骨：两耳间的头骨顶部近乎平坦。
FACIAL REGION: 面部区域
Nose: Should be black. Bent downwards at tip. Nostrils well developed.
鼻：应为黑色。鼻尖向下弯曲，鼻孔发育良好。
Lips: Clean and tight.
唇：干燥，紧。
Jaws/Teeth: Under-jaw deep and strong. Teeth sound, clean, strong, of good size, regular with a perfect, regular and complete scissor bite, i. e. upper teeth closely overlapping lower teeth and set square to the jaws.
颌/齿：下颌深而结实。牙齿健康、整洁、坚固、匀称、排列有序，具有完美、规则而完整的剪状咬合，即上颌紧扣下颌，成方形。
Eyes: Appearing narrow and triangular, obliquely placed, black or as dark brown as possible so as to appear almost black and with a piercing glint. Distance from tip of nose to eyes perceptibly greater than that from eyes to top of skull. Blue or partly blue undesirable.
眼睛：窄，斜，呈三角形，深陷，黑色或尽量为茶褐色。鼻尖到眼睛的距离略大于眼睛到头骨顶部的距离。眼色为蓝色或部分蓝色不理想。
Ears: Small, thin and placed close together. Dog should be able to hold them stiffly erect, when they point straight upwards.
耳朵：小，薄，两耳间距小。冲前向上时，应保持两耳坚挺。
NECK: Very muscular, long, arched, tapering from shoulders to head and free from loose skin
颈部：肌肉发达，长，拱形，自双肩向头部渐细，皮肤不松弛。
BODY: 躯干
Body：Well rounded with marked spring of rib and great depth from withers to brisket, so that latter nearer ground than belly.
头骨：浑圆。肋骨拱形明显，自肩隆向胸部深陷，因此前胸比腹部更接近地面。
Back：Short, strong, with backline behind withers level, arching or roaching slightly over loins.
背：短，结实，肩隆后的背线呈水平状，腰部之上略呈弓形或拱形。
Loin: Broad, well muscled.
腰：宽，肌肉发达。
Chest: Broad when viewed from front.
胸：从前面看很宽。
Underline and belly: From brisket to belly forms a graceful upward curve.
腹线和腹部：自胸部至腹部形成一条优美的向上曲线。
TAIL: Short, set on low and carried horizontally. Thick at root, it tapers to a fine point.
尾：短，尾根低，平举。根部粗，至尾尖渐细。
LIMBS: 四肢
FOREQUARTERS: 前躯
General appearance: Dog should stand solidly upon legs and they should be perfectly parallel. In mature dogs length of forelegs should be approximately equal to depth of chest.
整体外观：站立时四肢牢固、平行。成年犬前肢长度应近似于前胸深度。
Shoulders : Strong and muscular without loading. Shoulder blades wide, flat and held closely to chest wall and have a very pronounced backward slope of front edge from bottom to top, forming almost a right angle with upper arm.
肩：结实、肌肉发达但不沉重。肩胛宽、平，接近胸壁，从下至上明显向后倾斜，与上臂几成直角。
Elbows: Held straight and strong.
肘：竖直、结实。
Forearm : Forelegs have strongest type of round, quality bone.
前臂：前肢结实丰满、骨量足。
Metacarpus (Pastern): Upright.
掌骨（系部）：垂直。
Forefeet: Round and compact with well arched toes.
前足：丰满紧凑，脚趾呈拱形。
LIMBS: 四肢
HINDQUARTERS: 后躯
General appearance : Hind legs parallel when viewed from behind.
整体外观：从后面看后肢平行。
Upper Thighs:Muscular.
大腿：肌肉发达。
Stifle (Knee): Joint well bent.
膝盖：关节适度弯曲。
Lower thigh : Well developed.
小腿：发育良好。
Hock joint: Well angulated.
跗关节：角度良好。
Metatarsus (rear pastern) : Bone to foot short and strong.
跖骨（后肢系部）：到足部的骨骼短且结实。
Hind feet: Round and compact with well arched toes.
后足：丰满紧凑，脚趾呈拱形。
GAIT/MOVEMENT:
When moving appears well knit, smoothly covering ground with free, easy strides and with a typical jaunty air. When trotting, movement parallel, front and back, only converging towards centre line at faster speeds, forelegs reaching out well and hind legs moving smoothly at hip, flexing well at stifle and hock, with great thrust.
步态/动态：
移动时呈现健壮之态，着地平稳，步幅轻盈、自信。小跑时，前后肢平行，并以更快的速度做中线汇合，前肢伸展自然，后肢在臀部运动平稳，膝关节和跖部弯曲良好，后蹬有力。
SKIN: Fitting dog tightly.
皮肤：紧贴。
COAT: 被毛
Hair: Short, flat, even and harsh to touch with a fine gloss. A soft textured undercoat may be present in winter.
毛质：短，平坦，整齐，触感粗糙，有光泽。冬天会有柔软的底毛。
Colour: For White, pure white coat. Skin pigmentation and markings on head not to be penalised. For Coloured, colour predominates; all other things being equal, brindle preferred. Black brindle, red, fawn and tricolour acceptable. Tick markings in white coat undesirable. Blue and liver highly undesirable.
毛色: 白色类则被毛纯白。头部有色和斑也可。对于有色类而言，则以花色为主；其它均一样，最好有斑纹。黑斑色，虎斑色，红色，浅黄褐色以及三色也可。带有条纹的白色被毛视为缺陷，蓝色和深赤褐色非常不理想。
SIZE AND WEIGHT: 尺寸和重量
There are neither weight nor height limits, but there should be the impression of maximum substance for size of dog consistent with quality and sex.
高度和重量方面无具体限制，但犬只大小、骨量应与犬只级别和性别最大限度地保持一致。
FAULTS: 缺陷
Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be
regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog.
任何与上述各点的背离均视为缺陷，其缺陷严重性严格地与其缺陷的程度及对犬只的健康和福利造成的影响成正例。
DISQUALIFYING FAULTS: 失格缺陷
Aggressive or overly shy.
Any dog clearly showing physical or behavioural abnormalities shall be disqualified.
有攻击性或过于羞怯。
任何身体和行为有明显异常的犬都为失格。
N.B.：
Male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fullydescended into the scrotum.
Only functionally and clinically healthy dogs, with breed typicalconformation, should be used for breeding.
注：
公犬具备两个明显正常且完全置于阴囊的睾丸
只有身体机能以及临床表现健康的，具备典型犬种结构的犬只，才可用于繁殖。