【中学英语】常考!易错!重点!短语辨析(八)
1. collect/ gather
Ⅰ. gather的意思是“收集、聚集”,它是表示收集或聚集的一般用语,不仅可以用于人和物,还可以用于抽象的东西。如:
① He gathered his books and notebooks. 他把书和笔记本收集在一起。
② She gathered the children around her. 她把孩子们聚集在她的周围。
③ A crowd soon gathered around him. 一群人很快就聚集在他的周围。
④ He is gathering information. 他在搜集情报。
Ⅱ. collect 的意思是“收集、搜集、聚集”,通常指有计划和选择进行收集。当它表示一般的收集或聚集时,可与 gather 通用。如:
① He is collecting material for a book. 他正在聚集写书的资料。
② I have collected some famous pictures. 我收集了一些名画。
③ A crowd soon collected when there was a car accident. 发生了车祸的时候,立即就有一群人聚拢起来。
2. college/ institute/ university
Ⅰ. college的意思是“学院”,一般指大学内部的学院或独立的学院,如:
① There are many colleges at Oxford and Cambridge. 牛津大学和剑桥大学有很多学院。
② There are several teachers’ colleges in Jiangsu Province. 江苏省有几所师范学院。
Ⅱ. institute也可以表示学院的意思,但它通常指专科性(专门的)学院,如外语学院(institute of foreign languages)、体育学院(physical culture institute)、航空学院(aeronautical engineering institute)等,如:
① He graduated from an institute of foreign trade. 他是外贸学院毕业的。
② She is a student of a chemical engineering institute.她是化工学院的学生。
Ⅲ. university的意思是“大学”,通常指由多个学院组织而成的综合性大学。如:
He graduated from Yale (University) in 1915.他1915年从耶鲁大学毕业。
3. competition/ game/ match
Ⅰ. competition “比赛、竞争”,指体能、技术、能力的竞争。
He won a drawing competition. 他在图画比赛中获胜。
Ⅱ. game “比赛”指有一定规则,且决定胜负的脑力和体力劳动的“竞技”。如:
There is going to be a football game tomorrow afternoon.
Ⅲ. match 多指网球、足球、高尔夫球等运动项目的“比赛” 。
The golf match will he held tomorrow morning.
4. complete/ finish
Ⅰ. complete用作动词表示完成的意思时,是指把已开始但尚未完成的事情完成。如:
① He has completed his task. 他已完成他的工作。
② The railway is not completed yet. 铁路尚未完工。
Ⅱ. finish的意思是“完成、结束”,着重指圆满结束已着手的事情,尤指完成精心之作的最后一步。如:
① Have you finished your work yet? 你的工作做完了没有?
② I finished reading the book last night. 我昨晚看完了这本书。
③ The picture is finished. 这幅画画好了。
5. conceal/ hide
Ⅰ. conceal “隐藏、隐瞒”常与hide通用;但比 hide 正式些,多指有意将某事物隐藏起来或不予以泄漏。它只用作及物动词。如:
① The box was concealed under the bed.箱子是藏在床底下的。
② He concealed his motives. 他隐瞒了他的动机。
Ⅱ. hide “隐藏、掩盖、躲藏”为普通用语。指有意或无意地将某物(或人)藏(躲)在人们不易看到或发现的地方。可作及物动词和不及物动词。如:
① Where did you hide it? 你把它藏到哪里了?
② He cannot hide the truth. 他不能掩盖真相。
③ The moon was hideen by the clouds. 月亮被云彩遮住了。
6. cost/ spend/ pay/ take
Ⅰ. cost 指某东西“值……钱”;“需要花费……钱/ 精力”等,它的主语一般为表示东西的名词,不能为表示人的名词,作及物动词和名词。可接双宾语,无被动语态。如:
① I’ll bet that dress cost a thousand dollars.我敢说那件衣服得花1000美元。
② The chair cost me thirty yuan.这把椅子花了我30元。
③ The building of the dam cost many lives. 修建这个水坝使许多人丧生。(使花(某种代价);使损失)
④ Bad driving may cost you your life.开车技术不行可能使你丢掉性命。
⑤ 作名词时意为“花费;成本”→The cost of the house was too high for me.这房子的价钱太高,我买不起。
[常用搭配]:
① at all costs 不惜一切代价,如:
The officer told the soldiers that they must defend the town at all costs. 军官对士兵们说要不惜一切代价保卫这座城市。
② at the cost of 以……为代价。
→1). He finished the work at the cost of his health. 他完成了这项工作,但失去了健康。
→2). She saved him from fire, but at the cost of her own life. 她从火中把他救出,但她自己却牺牲了。
③ cost of living 生活费用。
—→As the cost of living goes up my standard of living goes down. 生活费用越上涨,我的生活水准越降低。
Ⅱ. spend 的主语经常是人,用来表示人花钱买东西或花时间做某事,
人+spend+时间/金钱+on sth.
人+spend+时间/金钱+(in) doing sth.如:
① I spend 5 yuan on the book.我买这书花五元钱。
② The boy spent 10 minutes drawing a dog.那个男孩花了10分钟画一只狗。
Ⅲ. pay “支付,花费”,主语只能是人 且只用于花费金钱,其结构是: pay + sb + some money + for sth. “为……付给某人多少钱” 其中的人、钱、事,可以根据具体情况取舍。如:
① I paid (him) 5 yuan. 我付(给他)5元钱。
② I paid him 5 yuan for the book. 我买那本书付给了他五元钱。
③ I paid him for the book. 我买那本书付给了他钱。
④ I paid for the book. 我付了那本书的钱。
Ⅳ. take 也可表“花费时间和金钱”,(一般只指花费时间)
其常用结构为:It + take (各种时态)+ time/ money+ to do sth. 如
It took me three hours to finish the work.
7. country/ state/ nation
Ⅰ. country “国家”着重指疆土而言。“乡下、农村”相当于 countryside, 但它指风景而言。如:
① This country is in the south of Europe. 这个国家在欧洲南部。
② Germany and France are European countries. 德国和法国是欧洲国家。
③ The countryside around Nanjing is beautiful at this time of the year.
Ⅱ. state “国家”着重指政权而言。如:
① I’d like to borrow a copy of “The State and Revolution”.我想借一本《国家与革命》。
② The state is an organ of violence at service of class rule. 国家是阶级统治的暴力机器。
Ⅲ. nation “国家”着重指人民而言。如:
Two friendly nations support each other. 两个友好国家互相支持。
8. crazy/ mad
Ⅰ. crazy “发狂的、糊涂的、狂热的”常指由于忧虑、悲伤、欣喜、渴望、激动等某种强烈的情绪而引起的一种心神错乱、失去控制的精神状态。如:
① He was crazy with joy. 他欣喜若狂。
② You are crazy to do such a thing. 你干这样的事真糊涂。
③ The boy is crazy on (or about) skating. 那孩子对溜冰着了迷。
Ⅱ. mad “发狂的、发疯的”通常指精神狂乱完全不能自我控制的一种病态。在口语中它也表示由于某种强烈的情绪而失常。如:
① The poor fellow is mad. 这个可怜的人是疯子。
② The dog has gone mad. 这条狗疯了。
③ This worry is enough to drive me mad. 这烦恼足以使我发狂。
④ He is mad about the stage. 他迷恋于舞台生活。
9. crop/ harvest
Ⅰ. crop “收成”指谷物、水果、蔬菜等一年或一季的收成 它表示“农作物、庄稼”的意思。如:
① The rice crop was very good this year. 今年稻子的收成很好。
② The rice bears two crops every year. 稻子一年收两次。
③ It is harmful to growing crops. 这对于正在生长的农作物有害。
Ⅱ. harvest “收成、收获”多指谷物的收成,也指水果、蔬菜等的收成;有时指收割行为。也可用于借喻,指行动或行为的结果。如:
① Rich harvests have been gathered in for several years running. 连续几年获得了丰收。(可用crops代替)
② The summer harvest is about to start. 夏收即将开始。
③ He reaped the harvest of his hard work. 他获得了辛勤劳动的成果。
10. crossing/ turning
Ⅰ. crossing “交叉点、十字路口”
Ⅱ. turning “路的拐弯处”如:
Take the second crossing / turning on the left. 在第二个十字路口/ 拐弯处向左拐。
11. cry/ shout/ exclaim
Ⅰ. cry “叫、喊”,常指因痛、痛苦、恐惧等而叫喊,仅表示某种感情而不表达思想。它有时也指用言语高声叫喊,如表祈求。如:
① He cried with pain. 他痛得叫了起来。
② “Help! Help!” he cried. “救命啊!救命啊!”他高声地叫喊。
Ⅱ. shout “叫喊”,指表达思想的高声叫喊或说话。有时是用以表示高兴、痛、痛苦或惊恐等,有时是用于发出命令、提出警告或要别人注意。如:
① I shouted to him, but he was out of hearing. 我对他呼喊,但他听不到。
② He shouted with pain. 他大声叫痛。
Ⅲ. exclaim “叫喊”指因高兴、痛苦、愤怒、惊讶等而突然地、感情激烈地高声叫喊。如:
① “What!” he exclaimed “Are you leaving without me?”“什么?”他喊道,“你要丢下我离去吗?
②They exclaimed with one voice. 他们齐声呼喊。
12. cup/ glass
Ⅰ. cup “杯子”通常指带柄的瓷杯,用以喝茶、牛奶、咖啡或可乐等等。如:
① The cup stands on the table.杯子放在桌子上。
② Will you have another cup of tea? 你要再喝一杯茶吗?
Ⅱ. glass “杯子”用以饮酒、或喝等。如:
① The glass is broken to pieces. 这只玻璃杯打碎了。
② He drank two gasses of milk. 他喝了两杯牛奶。
13. dear/ expensive/ high/;cheap/low
Ⅰ. dear 表示“贵”的意思时和cheap相对,指索价过高。主语是物。如:
① It is too dear. 这太贵了。
② The flowers were not dear. 这些花我贵。
Ⅱ. expensive “昂贵的”,指超过物品的价值或购买者的购买力。主语是物。如:
① It is too expensive for me to buy. 这东西太贵了我买不起。
② This is an expensive hat. 这是一顶价钱昂贵的帽子。
Ⅲ. high 与low相对,主语是价格 (the price), 如:
① The price of the pen is not low for him. 这支钢笔对于他来说不便宜。
14. decide/ determine/ make up one’s mind
Ⅰ. decide着重指经过考虑、商谈或研究之后作出“决定”,“下决心”。结束踌躇、疑惑、争论等状况。后跟名词、代词、动词不定式或从句,可用于被动语态中。如:
① Nothing has been decided yet.什么都没有决定下来。
② They decided to accept the invitation. 他们决定接受邀请
Ⅱ. determine表示“决定、决心”指经过认真考虑后下定决心。与 decide 一般可换用。后接名词、代词动词不定式。如:
① We determined on an early start.我们决定尽早出发。
② He has determined to learn English. 他已下决心学英语。
③ We are determined to get the work done before May Day. 我们决心要在五一节前完成这项工作。
Ⅲ. make up one’s mind “决定、决心”,是和犹豫不决等相对应的用语。意即:打定主意。如:
① He made up his mind to go there at once. 他决定立刻到那儿去。
② He has made up his mind to be a dotctor. 他决心当医生。
15. deep/ deeply
Ⅰ.作副词用时,都有“深深地”之意,但 deep 用于具体的深度,包括时间和空间。而 deeply 用于抽象的、比喻的意义;再者 deeply 可以修饰形容词和过去分词,deep 则不能。如:
① They lived deep in the sea.他们深潜海里。
② I’m deeply sorry for your uncle’s death. 为你叔叔的去世我深表遗憾。
16. defend/ protect
Ⅰ. defend “保卫、保护、捍卫”指采取积极措施以抵御或击退外来的威胁或攻击。它还可以表示“为……辩护”。如:
① It is the duty of every citizen to defend his country.保卫祖国是每一个公民的职责。
② He defended his comrades from harm. 他保护同志使其不受伤害。
③ They defended the fundamental principles of Marxism-Leninism. 他们捍卫了马克思列宁主义的基本原则。
④ He made a long speech definding his ideas. 他发表长篇演说为他的见解辩护。
Ⅱ. protect “保护”指采取措施,使之不受伤害或损害。如:
① The government protects the people’s interests.政府保护人民的利益。
② He built a fence to protect his garden. 他围起了篱笆以保护园子。
17.department store/ shop/ store
Ⅰ. department store “百货公司”原是美国用法,现在英也用了。不过英也把百货公司叫 stores.如:
① I’m going to the department store. 我要到百货公司去。
② I get most things at the stores. 大部分东西我是在百货公司买的。
[注意]:在美国,杂货商店(铺)叫 grocery 或 drugstore.
Ⅱ. shop “商店、店铺”,在英国,零售商店一般都叫 shop.如:
① The shop opens at eight o’clock. 商店八点钟开门。
② The shop sells embroideries.那家商店出售刺绣品。
Ⅲ. store“商店、店铺”,在美国,零售店一般叫 store. 如:
① He keeps a store in New York. 他在纽约开了一个商店。
② The wares in that store are dear. 那家店里的东西很贵。
18. desire/ wish/ want/ hope/ expect
Ⅰ. desire 表“想、希望”等意。着重表强烈的愿望,热切的心情。如:
① I desired to see you. 我很想见见你。
② He desired success. 他渴望成功。
Ⅱ. wish 语气不如 desire 强,且可以表示一种不能实现的愿望,(从句动词有虚拟语气形式);后接“不定式”或“代词/名词+不定式”结构。所表示的“希望”大体是可以实现的;此外,还可以接双宾语,表“祝愿”或表委婉的语气。如:
① I wish I could fly to the moon in a spaceship one day. 但愿有一天我能坐宇宙飞船飞向月球。
② I wish I were you.但愿我是你就好了。
③ We wish to visit Yanan. 我希望能参观延安。
④ We wish you to be happy. 我希望你幸福。
⑤ I wish you a long life. 祝你长寿。
⑥ I wish you success. 祝你成功。
⑦ We can begin to work at once now if you wish(不及物动词)要是你愿意,我们现在可以立刻开始工作。
Ⅲ. want “想”其搭配关系为:want to do sth. Or want sb to do sth. 比较口语化,没有 wish 那样正式。如:
She wants me to do with her.
Ⅳ. hope 表对愿望的实现抱有一定的信心。后接“不定式;that 从句。”但不能接 双宾语。
① I hope to be a doctor. 我希望当一名医生。
② I hope she will be well again. 我希望她会痊愈。
Ⅴ. expect “期待、盼望、预料”等,指对某一特定的事件的发生抱有颇大的信心。如:
① We are expecting a letter from her. 我们当时正期待着她的来信。
19. desk/ table
Ⅰ. desk “课桌、书桌、写字台”指读书、写字或办公用的桌子。如:
There are fifty desks in the classroom. 教室里有50张课桌。
Ⅱ. table “桌子、台”,指供吃饭、游戏、工作或安放其他各种东西的桌子或台子。它的广义包括 desk 在内。如:
We all sat at the same table. 我们同桌吃饭。
20. develop/ developing/ developed
Ⅰ. develop既是及物动词,又是不及物动词,意为“发展”,“开发”。如:
The child is developing well. 这孩子发育很好。
Ⅱ. developing为现在分词,起形容词的作用,表示主动意义,意思是“发展中的”。如:
① China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。
Ⅲ. developed为过去分词,起形容词作用,表示被动含意,意思是“发达的”。如:
Japan ia a developed country. 日本是一个发达国家。