牛津研究发现食肉者、食鱼者、食素者和严格食素者对膳食建议依从性高
2016年5月，爱思唯尔旗下《营养研究》正式发表英国牛津大学和波兰华沙儿童纪念医院的研究报告，分析了牛津研究（癌症与营养的欧洲前瞻性研究）30251位研究对象膳食摄入的差异。
该研究对象包括18244位食肉者、4531位食鱼者（食鱼肉而不食肉）、6673位食素者（不吃肉、鱼，吃奶制品、鸡蛋）和803位严格食素者（不吃肉、鱼、鸡蛋、奶制品），年龄30～90岁，都完成了半定量食物频率调查问卷。
该研究假设这些以不同程度不吃动物产品为特点的人群许多营养素明显摄入不同，可能影响膳食摄入充足性和膳食目标依从性。营养素摄入量估计包括强化食品，但不包括膳食补充剂。膳食补充做法也会被评价。
结果发现，食肉者与食素者相比，营养素摄入量估计值差异非常显著，食鱼者与食素者通常介于中间值。食肉者能量摄入最高，其次是食鱼者和食素者，而严格食素者能量摄入最低。严格食素者的多不饱和脂肪酸、膳食纤维、维生素C、维生素E、叶酸、镁、铁、铜摄入量最高。食肉者饱和脂肪酸、蛋白质、维生素B2、维生素B12、维生素D、锌和碘的摄入量最高。食鱼者钙和硒的摄入量最高。各不同膳食组间的钠和钾摄入量差异无统计学意义。除了钠摄入量，各组对人群膳食目标依从性都较高。
这些结果表明，严格食素者膳食维生素B12和碘摄入不足的发生率高。该研究各膳食组表现出膳食摄入差异显著，可能对膳食建议依从性以及心血管代谢性疾病风险产生影响。
翻译：肖慧娟（天津市第三中心医院）
Nutr Res. 2016 May;36(5):464-77.
High compliance with dietary recommendations in a cohort of meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians, and vegans: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Oxford study.
Sobiecki JG, Appleby PN, Bradbury KE, Key TJ.
University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK; Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland.
The aim of this study was to investigate differences in dietary intakes between 30251 participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Oxford study, comprising 18 244 meat eaters, 4 531 fish eaters, 6 673 vegetarians, and 803 vegans aged 30 to 90 years who completed semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires. We hypothesized that these groups characterized by varying degrees of animal product exclusion have significantly different intakes of many nutrients, with possible implications for dietary adequacy and compliance with population dietary goals. Nutrient intakes were estimated including fortification in foods, but excluding dietary supplements. Dietary supplementation practices were also evaluated. Highly significant differences were found in estimated nutrient intakes between meat eaters and vegans, with fish eaters and vegetarians usually having intermediate values. Meat eaters had the highest energy intakes, followed by fish eaters and vegetarians, whereas vegans had the lowest intakes. Vegans had the highest intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, vitamins C and E, folate, magnesium, iron, and copper. Meat eaters had the highest intake of saturated fatty acids, protein, vitamin B2, vitamin B12, vitamin D, zinc, and iodine. Fish eaters had the highest intakes of calcium and selenium. There were no statistically significant differences in sodium and potassium intakes between dietary groups. With the exception of sodium intake, compliance with population dietary goals was high across diet groups. The results suggested a high prevalence of inadequacy for dietary vitamin B12 and iodine in vegans. The diet groups under study showed striking differences in dietary intakes, with possible implications for compliance with dietary recommendations, as well as cardiometabolic diseases risk.
KEYWORDS: Cross-sectional study; Nutrients; Nutrition assessment; Risk assessment; Vegan; Vegetarian
PMID: 27101764
DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.12.016