Paal噻吩合成
1,4-二酮在硫代试剂存在下加热脱水得到噻吩的反应。现在通常情况下,此反应用Lawesson试剂作为硫代试剂。
反应机理
反应实例
参考文献
1. (a) Paal, C. Ber. 1885, 18, 22512254. (b) Paal, C. Ber. 1885, 18, 367-371.
2. Thomsen, I.; Pedersen, U.; Rasmussen, P. B.; Yde, B.; Andersen, T. P.; Lawesson, S.O. Chem. Lett. 1983, 809810.
3. Parakka, J. P.; Sadannandan, E. V.; Cava, M. P. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 4308-4310.
4. Kikuchi, K.; Hibi, S.; Yoshimura, H.; Tokuhara, N.; Tai, K.; Hida, T.; Yamauchi, T.; Nagai, M. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 409-423.
5. Sonpatki, V. M.; Herbert, M. R.; Sandvoss, L. M.; Seed, A. J. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 7283-7286.
6. Kiryanov, A. A.; Sampson, P.; Seed, A. J. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 7925-7929.
7. Mullins, R. J.; Williams, D. R. Paal Thiophene Synthesis. In Name Reactions in Heterocyclic Chemistry; Li, J. J., Ed.; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2005, 207-217. (Review).
8. Kaniskan, N.; Elmali, D.; Civcir, P. U. ARKIVOC 2008, 17-29.
编译自:Name Reactions (A Collection of Detailed Reaction Mechanisms), Jie Jack Li, Paal thiophene synthesis,page 451.
相关内容
Lawesson试剂
2016-01-21 有机合成
劳森试剂是一种温和的易于操作的硫代试剂。可以高产率的将酮,酯和酰胺转化为相应的硫代化合物。而用 P4S10 等硫代试剂却需要大量过量和高温条件。
反应机理
劳森试剂在溶液中是以和活性更高的二硫磷叶立德的平衡态的形式存在:
和羰基反应得到一种硫氧膦四环中间体:
反应的驱动力是在裂环步骤中形成 P=O,和Wittig 反应的部分机理类似:
在与劳森试剂的反应中,酮,酰胺,内酰胺和内酯的反应活性都比酯高,因此在一些选择性反应中,可以在特定条件下让酯基不参与反应,如下面的例子:
G. Minetto, L. F. Raveglia, A. Sega, M. Taddei, Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2005, 5277-5288.
More detailed information can be found in a recent review by Jesberger, Davis, Barner (Synthesis, 2003, 1929. DOI)
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编译自: Organic Chemistry Portal