“爱经”之都，如今却“谈性色变”？ by 小婧儿

　　先说个笑话。“印度神油”的鼎鼎大名相信大家都不陌生。一位来印度出差的哥们便想买瓶回家，在商场转了半天，各色精油瓶子琳琅满目，就是没找到大力“神油”。他寻思着这玩意是不是像计生用品，有专门的商店售卖，于是打了一辆TUTU，让司机带他去找。印度小伙倒是三下五除二就给他拉到了所谓的“Indian Oil”——全印着名的连锁加油站。

　　

　　百度百科收录的“印度神油”词条，竟搬出了古印度阿育吠陀传承医学和皇室秘史来佐证它的神奇效果。可是厚着脸皮向印度人核实，他们对此却一无所知，也实在联想不出市场上有什么与之类似的产品，倒是对咱们国家影视剧和书中提到的长生不老术、金枪不倒术、采阴补阳术好奇万分。

　　主页君：也有一种说法，印度实际是有神油的，参见这篇文章：印度究竟有没有神油

　　

　　“神油”绝对是子虚乌有（当然也没准在市场推动下，三哥们真的开发出这款产品），但古印度在性事上的研究确实非常辉煌：作为世界自然文化遗产的阿旃陀石窟（Ajanta Caves），克久拉霍神庙建筑群（Khajuraho），那些性爱浮雕不仅姿势繁多，而且种类万千：一对多，多对多，男女、男男，人兽，人神，超乎你的想象；还有闻名世界的《爱经》（Kama Sutra），那画面太美不敢直视，其中最经典的一幅：一位男士分别用他的左右手、左右脚、嘴巴和下部满足了六位女士，得意洋洋，六位女士也是花颜悦色，沉浸其中。

　　也许是这些成就过于夺目，再加上近些年媒体对印度多起强奸案的渲染，国人提到印度，总感觉怪怪的，潜意识里有种不安全感，“印度安不安全？”是来印旅游工作的必问题之一。实际上，现代印度是一个非常保守的国家，性是公开场合的话题禁忌，婚前同居不被接受，避孕套投币机装哪儿都被抗议，妇女们裹着层层莎莉，即使是现代着装，也绝不暴露肩膀和腿，受过良好教育的男士们都恭谦礼让，火车、地铁都有女性专用车厢，避免拥挤时身体与异性接触。

　　

　　最明显的佐证还是影视剧、MTV中，连接吻镜头都非常罕见，印度当局要员还公开表态说电影里出现接吻是“羞耻”的事。即使男女主角的嘴唇只差1毫米的距离，也要在霎那间分开，继续歌来舞去、欲拒还迎。从彼此好感，到热烈追求，到最终在一起，所有的爱之激情都借助着雨和歌舞，借助着印度人又大又亮又深邃的眼睛传达，没有色欲和露点，也能把爱情之火表达的淋漓尽致。

　　

　　问题来了，什么原因促使印度社会从“爱经”之都转为“谈性色变”？来看看Quaro上印度小伙伴们怎么回答吧——

　　Question: 

　　In spite of the fact that India is the birthplace of the Kama Sutra and home to many explicit sculptures like the ones in Khajuraho and Konark, sex continues to be a subject that is pushed under the carpet. Why?

　　Answer 1:

　　India has 1.2 billion people. You cannot make people without sex. The ancient culture of sexual liberalism in India is a source for western free love movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Ours used to be a very open society till the invaders came to India. Muslim  produced a veil system and puritanical attitude（清规戒律） to sex even within marriage and the home. Conservative Christian imperial powers are also to an extent responsible for this degradation of culture.

　　

　　Answer 2:

　　It can be attributed to two of the major invasions that we suffered - the invasion by Islamic forces which brought culture of purdah for women(深闺制度) and the colonial era British Raj.

　　

　　· Victorian values stigmatized Indian sexual liberalism

　　

　　· The pluralism of Hinduism, and its liberal attitudes were condemned as 'barbaric' and proof of inferiority of the East

　　

　　· The effects of British education, administration, scholarship of Indian history and biased literature all led to the effective 'colonization of the Indian mind' with European values

　　

　　· This led some Indians wanting to conform their religious practices and moral values to Victorian ideas of "high" civilization

　　

　　Answer 3:

　　In modern India, the S-word has been banished to the closet. Sexologist Prakash Kothari attributes this swing to Islamic and British influences which spawned a new, somewhat prudish, moral code in India.

　　

　　“When Muslims arrived, Hindus perceived them a threat to their culture. As a result, the Brahminical class became more influential as keepers of Hindu purity against Islamic influences. The emphasis on rituals increased. The advent of the British and Victorian prudery only deepened our obsession with ritualistic purity. In the process, sex became a dirty word. “

　　

　　“On the other hand, there has always been a dynamic balance between the erotic（色欲的）and the ascetic（禁欲的） in the Indian context. From the fourth to the tenth century, the erotic was markedly dominant in Indian society. Then the ascetic trait became dominant. In our times, the erotic has been in the forefront since the '60s. This cycle will go on.”

　　

　　“The younger generation is demanding more and more information about sex. Media columns, agony aunts, public debates and judicial verdicts are putting things in perspective and breaking the prevailing mystique about sex. Attitudes on sexual matters are changing fast.”

　　

　　Answer 4:

　　The oldest well recorded event in Indian history is rise of Mahapadmananda to throne in 350 BCE. It is true that India was much more liberal when it comes to Sex. Sex had his own God and Goddess called Kamadev and Rati. Shiva's marriage with Parvati was a love marriage. Draupadi is one of the most respected woman despite being in Polyandrous relationship.

　　While married women had very high standards of loyalty, men could get into sexual relationships of any kind including those that did not require any official marriage bond. For example the story of Parashar and MatsyaGandha or Arjun and Ulupi.　

　　Unmarried women could freely approach men with sexual desire in mind. The way Devyani went after Kacha or Shurpanakha approached Ram.

　　

　　If you consider the folklore then you will find it even more verbose. I have attended some tribal songs where songs narrated how Radha's breasts were not contained by "kanchuki" (Cloth for covering breasts) and how shy she felt when Krishna unwrapped it.

　　

　　Answer 5:

　　

　　Buddhist monks were supposed to be celibates(禁欲的). This certainly affected people in many ways. Vinaya Pitaka （佛教广律）school of thought in buddhism put sever restrictions on sexuality of monks very similar to the Christian world.

　　

　　But hinduism itself embraces sex, pleasure, and all things worldly as well as spiritual, and so this should be relatively easy to correct - not more than a generation or two I would guess.

　　看完了吗？大家的答案几乎都指向了伊斯兰教和大英帝国的统治，也提到了佛教、基督教的禁欲观念影响，有学者还指出：印度教崇尚的是自由和快乐，随着时代的发展，印度社会还会经历性解放。

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