论文季|How to write an abstract如何写英文摘要
Write an Abstract
如何写英文摘要
春暖花开，又到了写论文的季节。没有时间踏青？还在为论文苦恼？本期我们就一起来学习一下如何写英文摘要吧！
在这个春天，我们一起做灿烂的学术宅
An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper or entire thesis.
摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
Selection: Abstracts allow readers who may be
interested in the paper to quickly decide whether it is relevant to their purposes and whether they need to read the whole paper.
Indexing: Most academic journal databases accessed through the library enable you to search abstracts. This allows for quick retrieval by users. Abstracts must incorporate the key terms that a potential researcher would use to search.
允许读者进行快速筛选，检索，通过题目，关键词等方法判断他们是否需要阅读整篇文章。
Reasons for Writing
The importance of the research and why would readers be interested in this large work?
首先，摘要中应该包含本篇论文的重要性，言简意赅阐述清楚写作目的。
Problems
What problem does this work attempt to solve? What is the scope of the project? What is the main argument, thesis or claim?
本篇文章要解决什么问题，范围是什么，主要论述的观点和主题是什么？
Methodology
An abstract of a scientific work may include specific models or approaches used in the larger study. Other abstracts ma describe the types of evidence used in the research.
方法论是研究中非常重要的一部分，在摘要中也应着重体现出来。在摘要部分需要说明研究所用到的具体研究方法或理论模型。
Results
An abstract of a scientific work may include specific data that indicates the results of the project. Other abstracts may discuss the findings in a more general way.
研究结果中的具体数据，或者是关于结果的讨论也需要简明扼要的以学术语言呈现在摘要当中。
Implications
How does this work add to the body of knowledge on the topic? Are there any practical or theoretical applications from your findings or implications for future research?
这项研究对相关的理论或者实践应用有哪些指导作用或推广意义？对未来的研究有哪些影响。
Edit Carefully 用学术英语呈现
As your abstract is an important way to promote your work it is worth taking time to write it well. You will likely have to revise several drafts to produce a precise, concise outline of your paper which is clear, complete, includes key search terms and fits within the word limit.
文献摘要是展现整篇论文的第一印象，所以这一部分是非常值得大家花时间去写好的一部分。简明扼要，清晰完整，在字数限制内有条理的呈现每一个部分。运用学术英语的语言进行初稿，润色，校准，最后呈现出一段完美的英文摘要。
Abstract
Objective To investigate whether greater cardiovascular fitness in midlife is associated with decreased dementia risk in women followed up for 44 years.
Methods A population-based sample of 1,462 women 38 to 60 years of age was examined in 1968. Of these, a systematic subsample comprising 191 women completed a stepwise-increased maximal ergometer cycling test to evaluate cardiovascular fitness. Subsequent examinations of dementia incidence were done in 1974, 1980, 1992, 2000, 2005, and 2009. Dementia was diagnosed according to DSM-III-R criteria on the basis of information from neuropsychiatric examinations, informant interviews, hospital records, and registry data up to 2012. Cox regressions were performed with adjustment for socioeconomic, lifestyle, and medical confounders.
Results Compared with medium fitness, the adjusted hazard ratio for all-cause dementia during the 44-year follow-up was 0.12 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.03–0.54) among those with high fitness and 1.41 (95% CI 0.72–2.79) among those with low fitness. High fitness delayed age at dementia onset by 9.5 years and time to dementia onset by 5 years compared to medium fitness.
Conclusions Among Swedish women, a high cardiovascular fitness in midlife was associated with a decreased risk of subsequent dementia. Promotion of a high cardiovascular fitness may be included in strategies to mitigate or prevent dementia. Findings are not causal, and future research needs to focus on whether improved fitness could have positive effects on dementia risk and when during the life course a high cardiovascular fitness is most important.
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