linux 安装python3--scikit-learn shape nc grib tiff
第一次安装失败！
安装python3.8.3
无法使用pip，ssl问题：
问题：WARNING: pip is configured with locations that require TLS/SSL, however the ssl module in Python is not available.Could not fetch URL https://pypi.org/simple/pip/: There was a problem confirming the ssl certificate: HTTPSConnectionPool(ho
解决：参考博客https://www.cnblogs.com/jessepeng/p/12307875.html
首先查看OpenSSL版本，版本太低，确实是因为该原因
查看openssl版本命令
openssl version
根据https://www.cnblogs.com/ExMan/p/10301129.html所述python3.7之后为了安全性考虑，要求使用openssl 1.0.2之后的版本
于是
根据https://www.cnblogs.com/jessepeng/p/12307875.html （Linux非root安装Python3以及解决SSL问题）继续安装操作
首先删除上次安装好的python
wget -c https://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-1.1.1d.tar.gz （有时候wget超时，版本可以根据官网自行下载）
tar -xvf openssl-1.1.1d.tar.gz
cd openssl-1.1.1d
./config --prefix=/public/home/fkyang/tools/install/openssl no-zlib #注意添加no-zlib
make && make install
安装完后，直接可以配置环境变量和python安装文件中修改（博客中出现其他问题我们不去深究）：
vi ~/.bashrc
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/public/home/fkyang/tools/install/openssl/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
(Esc :wq Enter) 退出并保存.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc
且修改python安装包中的Modules/Setup文件
vi Setup
四行取消注释，并将SSL路径修改
SSL=/public/home/fkyang/tools/install/openssl #改为刚安装的ssl路径
_ssl _ssl.c \
-DUSE_SSL -I$(SSL)/include -I$(SSL)/include/openssl \
-L$(SSL)/lib -lssl -lcrypto
(Esc :wq Enter) 退出并保存Setup
最后安装python3.8.3（自己需求）
./configure --prefix=/public/home/fkyang/tools/python3/
make && make install
# 配置环境
#配置python
export PYTHON_HOME=/public/home/fkyang/tools/python3
export PATH=$PYTHON_HOME/bin:$PATH
直接运行python3.8和pip3.8 （$path/bin中查看如何使用python和pip）
如果pip版本较低会出现这种警告：
WARNING: You are using pip version 19.2.3, however version 21.1.2 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'pip install --upgrade pip' command.
可以update：pip3.8 install --upgrade pip
安装必需的包库：
网络数据的抓取（requests、urllib、bs4）、数据分析及可视化（numpy、matplotlib、pyecharts、pandas）、计算机视觉及图像处理（cv2、PIL
包括gdal shapely fiona basemap (pyproj) rasterio geopandas(shapely和fiona) scikit-learn tensorflow
pip3.8 install numpy 检验：$：python3.8 >>import numpy >>
pip3.8 install pandas 检验：$：python3.8 >>import pandas >>
pip3.8 install matplotlib 检验：$：python3.8 >>import matplotlib >>
问题：
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.py", line 78, in <module>
new_figure_manager, draw_if_interactive, show = pylab_setup()
File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/__init__.py", line 25, in pylab_setup
globals(),locals(),[backend_name])
File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_gtkagg.py", line 10, in <module>
from matplotlib.backends.backend_gtk import gtk, FigureManagerGTK, FigureCanvasGTK,\
File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_gtk.py", line 8, in <module>
import gtk; gdk = gtk.gdk
File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/gtk-2.0/gtk/__init__.py", line 64, in <module>
_init()
File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/gtk-2.0/gtk/__init__.py", line 52, in _init
_gtk.init_check()
RuntimeError: could not open display
这是display错误，之前的解决办法是在网上查资料得到的，使用的是Xmanger这个小软件，成功了连接了本地和虚拟机，可以在虚拟机终端的形式下输出图片，也可以保存、展示。但是如果Xmanger无法使用，
解决方法
>>> import matplotlib as mpl
>>> mpl.use('Agg')
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
继续安装：
pip3.8 install pyproj
pip3.8 install fiona
pip3.8 install shapely
pip3.8 install scikit-learn
问题：
>>import sklearn
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "/public/home/fkyang/tools/python3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/sklearn/__init__.py", line 82, in <module>
from .base import clone
File "/public/home/fkyang/tools/python3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/sklearn/base.py", line 17, in <module>
from .utils import _IS_32BIT
File "/public/home/fkyang/tools/python3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/sklearn/utils/__init__.py", line 20, in <module>
from scipy.sparse import issparse
File "/public/home/fkyang/tools/python3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/scipy/__init__.py", line 144, in <module>
from scipy._lib._ccallback import LowLevelCallable
File "/public/home/fkyang/tools/python3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/scipy/_lib/_ccallback.py", line 1, in <module>
from . import _ccallback_c
File "_ccallback_c.pyx", line 210, in init scipy._lib._ccallback_c
File "/public/home/fkyang/tools/python3/lib/python3.8/ctypes/__init__.py", line 7, in <module>
from _ctypes import Union, Structure, Array
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_ctypes'
解决：
python3.7以上版本需要一个新的依赖包libffi-devel，centos系统环境中缺乏这个包# yum install libffi-devel -y
但是在非root下无法安装，使用不了yum和rpm
第二次安装成功！
安装python3.6.6
由于python3.7以上版本使用不了skleran，更改python3.6
wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.6/Python-3.6.6.tgz
tar -xvf Python-3.6.6.tgz
./configure --prefix=/public/home/fkyang/tools/python3/
make && make install
继续pip所需要的包库：
pip3.6 install numpy 检验：$：python3.6 >>>import numpy >>
pip3.6 install pandas 检验：$：python3.6 >>>import pandas >>
pip3.6 install matplotlib 检验：$：python3.6 >>>import matplotlib >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt 安装python3.6后matplotlib 可以正常使用
pip3.6 install scikit-learn 检验：$：python3.6 >>>from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor
pip3.6 install pyproj 未成功
问题：
Installing build dependencies ... done
Complete output from command python setup.py egg_info:
proj executable not found. Please set the PROJ_DIR variable. For more information see: https://pyproj4.github.io/pyproj/stable/installation.html
Command "python setup.py egg_info" failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip-install-vys0tpd3/pyproj/
解决：
将pip更新之后再安装就可以了
pip install --upgrade pip
pip3.6 install pyproj 成功
pip3.6 install fiona 检验：$：python3.6 >>>import fiona
pip3.6 install shapely 检验：$：python3.6 >>>from shapely.geometry import Point shape数据
pip3.6 install geopandas 检验：$：python3.6 >>>import geopandas as gp shape数据
pip3.6 install netCDF4 检验：$：python3.6 >>>from netCDF4 import Dataset nc数据
pip3.6 install pygrib 检验：$：python3.6 >>>import pygrib grib数据
pip3.6 install rasterio 检验：$：python3.6 >>> from rasterio.plot import show tiff数据
pip3.6 install joblib
pip3.6 install scipy
pip3.6 install tensorflow
pip3.6 install keras