尽览2021 ESC心力衰竭指南:药物治疗更新要点!
王怀根 马爱群 西安交通大学第一附属医院
编者按:
6月29日-7月1日欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)“Heart Failure 2021” 线上召开,时隔5年,此次会议上公布了最新的2021 ESC心力衰竭指南。意大利Brescia大学Marco Metra教授介绍了2021 ESC心力衰竭指南的药物治疗更新部分,与2016 ESC心衰指南相比,新版指南在药物治疗上带来了众多更新,本刊特邀西安交通大学第一附属医院马爱群教授深入解读!

射血分数减低的心衰(HFrEF)治疗药物从“金三角”到“新四联”

复方制剂ARNI

SGLT-2抑制剂
注:从“金三角”到“新四联”不仅仅是心力衰竭治疗药物增加新成员,SGLT2抑制剂还为心力衰竭治疗提供了新的治疗靶点,突破了拮抗过度代偿神经内分泌治疗传统,对心力衰竭新的治疗药物的开发研究具有重要的引领作用。
表1

射血分数中间值的心衰(HFmrEF)获得新的治疗药物推荐
2016 ESC心衰指南中首次将左室射血分数(LVEF)在40~49%的心衰患者作为一个单独的组别,并定义为射血分数中间值的心衰[6](HFmrEF)。由于既往的研究多将LVEF在40~49%的心衰患者纳入到HFpEF组中,且这些临床研究结果多为阴性。在2016 ESC心衰指南中并未对HFmrEF做出单独的治疗推荐。
注:“金三角”,β受体阻滞剂、ACEI/ARB/ARNI及MRA治疗降低HFmrEF患者心衰住院及死亡风险,尽管材料来源于亚组分析及荟萃分析,证据强度较低,但其对今后的HFmrEF研究具重要意义:其一,与以往认为HFmrEF更接近HFpEF,系HFpEF灰色区不同,HFmrEF发病机制可能与HFrEF有更多的共同点;其二,迫切期待设计合理的循证医学试验及其结果。
表2

心衰合并其他并发症时的治疗

缺铁及贫血


心房颤动


糖尿病


癌症
注:左心室功能不全定义的提出,再次将左心室功能不全与心力衰竭区分开,对心力衰竭临床处理具有十分重要的意义。
表6


淀粉样变性心肌病
注:Tafamidis是否可以用于其他类型淀粉样变性心肌病的治疗目前还不清楚。
表7

急性心力衰竭的治疗
本次指南更新根据病因和发病机制、临床表现、起病速度、血流动力学改变等将急性心衰重新分为了4类,即ADHF、急性肺水肿(acute pulmonary oedema)、孤立性右心衰(isolated right ventricular failure)和心源性休克(cardiogenic shock)。并从评估、管理、主要治疗措施等方面分别给出了建议。(表8)
表8


总而言之,2021 ESC心衰指南关于心力衰竭的药物治疗有如下更新:
对几个心力衰竭常见合并症治疗提出了具体药物治疗建议;
对于HFpEF未作修改;
对急性心力衰竭及左心室功能不全进行了重新定义。

▼参考文献
1.McMurray, J. J. V. et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med 371, 993–1004 (2014).
2.Velazquez, E. J. et al. Angiotensin-Neprilysin Inhibition in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 380, 539–548 (2019).
3.McMurray, J. J. V. et al. A trial to evaluate the effect of the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (DAPA-HF). Eur J Heart Fail 21, 665–675 (2019).
4.Bhatt, D. L. et al. Sotagliflozin in Patients with Diabetes and Recent Worsening Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 384, 117–128 (2021).
5.Packer, M. et al. Effect of Empagliflozin on the Clinical Stability of Patients With Heart Failure and a Reduced Ejection Fraction: The EMPEROR-Reduced Trial. Circulation 143, 326–336 (2021).
6.Ponikowski, P. et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 37, 2129–2200 (2016).
7.Solomon, S. D. et al. Influence of ejection fraction on outcomes and efficacy of spironolactone in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur Heart J 37, 455–462 (2016).
8.Lund, L. H. et al. Heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction in CHARM: characteristics, outcomes and effect of candesartan across the entire ejection fraction spectrum. Eur J Heart Fail 20, 1230–1239 (2018).
9.Solomon, S. D. et al. Angiotensin-Neprilysin Inhibition in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med 381, 1609–1620 (2019).
10.Cleland, J. G. F. et al. Beta-blockers for heart failure with reduced, mid-range, and preserved ejection fraction: an individual patient-level analysis of double-blind randomized trials. Eur Heart J 39, 26–35 (2018).
11.Ponikowski, P. et al. Ferric carboxymaltose for iron deficiency at discharge after acute heart failure: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 396, 1895–1904 (2020).
12.Ruff, C. T. et al. Association between edoxaban dose, concentration, anti-Factor Xa activity, and outcomes: an analysis of data from the randomised, double-blind ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial. The Lancet 385, 2288–2295 (2015).
13.Xiong, Q. et al. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) in patients with concomitant atrial fibrillation and heart failure: a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur J Heart Fail 17, 1192–1200 (2015).
14.Maurer, M. S. et al. Tafamidis Treatment for Patients with Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 379, 1007–1016 (2018).