30篇Cell及其子刊论文揭秘:太空飞行会给人体带来哪些危险?

Cell Reports, 2020, doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108441。
科学家们对这个典型现象进行了研究。Mark留在地球上,而Scott则在太空飞行了将近一年。这项庞大的研究工作是由美国宇航局(NASA)的人类研究计划协调的。

美国科罗拉多州立大学的Susan Bailey教授参与了NASA研究,2020年11月25日,她与来自学术、政府、航空航天和工业团体的200多名研究人员在Cell Press等五家期刊上发表了30篇科学论文。

这一系列研究包括一篇涵盖了对太空飞行基本特征的论文,这是迄今为止。一组最大的太空生物学和影响宇航员健康的数据。

Bailey说,“现在,我们有了可以在未来宇航员身上寻找的健康信息其中,包括宇航员端粒长度变化和DNA损伤反应。我们的目标是更好地了解潜在的机制,了解人体在长时间的太空飞行中发生什么,以及它在人与人之间的差异--不是每个人的反应都是一样的。当有更多宇航员参与这些研究,研究也会越详细。”

研究染色体末端,对衰老有影响

端粒是染色体末端的保护性“帽子”,它会随着年龄的增长而缩短。端粒长度的大幅变化可能意味着一个人有加速衰老或者伴随着年龄增长而出现心血管疾病和癌症等疾病的风险。
Bailey是研究端粒和辐射引起的DNA损伤方面的专家,在“NASA双胞胎研究”发表时,全世界都对这些研究领域产生了浓厚的兴趣。在NASA双胞胎研究中,她和团队发现,在太空中时,Scott白细胞中的端粒变长了,随后在他回到地球后又恢复到接近正常的长度

氧化应激的新发现

在最新的研究中,Bailey、高级研究助理Lynn Taylor及其研究团队研究了10名没有血缘关系的宇航员,并将这些研究结果与来自NASA双胞胎研究的结果进行了比较。他们没有获得所有机组人员在飞行中的血液和其他样本,但是Bailey说,他们每个人在太空飞行前后提供了血液样本。
研究人员发现,太空飞行期间的慢性氧化应激导致了他们观察到端粒延长他们还发现,宇航员在太空飞行后的端粒普遍比飞行前短。他们还观察到了这些反应的个体差异。这些研究涉及的宇航员在国际空间站有一定的辐射保护的低地轨道上呆了大约6个月。尽管有保护,但是研究人员还是发现了DNA损伤的证据,这可能是潜在健康影响的警告信号。
为了更深入地了解这些发现,Bailey团队还研究了攀登珠穆朗玛峰(地球上的极端环境)的双胞胎登山者。不登山的双胞胎中则留在海拔较低的地方。值得注意的是,他们在登山者中发现了类似的氧化应激和端粒长度变化的证据。

与Bailey合作的美国威尔康奈尔医学院副教授Christopher Mason对珠穆朗玛峰登山者进行了基因表达分析。他发现了一种不依赖端粒酶的、基于重组的端粒长度维持途径的证据,而这种途径可以导致更长的端粒。

Bailey说,“当慢性氧化应激发生时,它会破坏端粒。正常的血细胞正在死亡并试图生存,它们正在适应新的环境。一些细胞会激活一条替代途径,以保持其端粒的活力,这与一些肿瘤的情况类似。一些细胞从这个过程中产生,这也是我们在太空飞行中观察到的。”

Luxton说,上述机制被称为端粒替代性延长(alternative lengthening of telomeres, ALT),这是一个意外的发现。他说,“你通常会在癌症或发育中胚胎内观察到这一点。”

呵护你的端粒

Bailey说,与“NASA双胞胎研究”的结论相类似,这些新发现对未来在月球上建立基地或前往火星,甚至作为太空游客的太空旅行者都有影响。长时间的探测任务将涉及到增加在地球保护之外的时间和距离。

虽然在太空中具有更长的端粒看起来似乎是一件好事,甚至可能是“青春之泉”,但是遭受由空间辐射引起DNA损伤(如染色体倒位)的细胞寿命延长可能会增加癌症风险。”

Bailey说,“她的团队观察到所有船员在太空飞行期间和之后的染色体倒位频率增加。端粒确实反映了我们的生活方式--无论是在地球上还是在地球外,我们的选择确实会对我们衰老的速度或程度产生影响。所以呵护好你的端粒很重要。”

参考资料(可上下滑动查看)

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