文书写作 | 如何撰写一份研究计划书(research proposal)?
申请Tips
2021/10/0
Writing a research proposal
撰写一份研究计划书
来源: Monash University 官网
译者: Iris
译者推介
Research proposal研究计划书,我们一般简称为RP。研究计划书是研究生学校接收研究生的重要考核指标,它的内容展现了学生进入学院之后的研究方向与课题,也体现了学生对自己在校学习阶段内的大致规划。RP在博士申请阶段更为常见,但近年一些硕士项目也对申请者的研究计划提出了要求。在本文中,作者简单直接的使用WHAT(是什么)、WHY(为什么)、HOW(怎么做)模式帮助学生了解研究计划书,并且附上了对样例RP的分析。本篇推文旨在帮助申请者提供一种研究计划书的写作思路,希望对大家有所帮助。
本教程专为需要提交研究计划作为其申请条件或希望为自己撰写研究计划的研究生而设计。目的是帮助你准备一份编写清晰且重点突出的研究计划。
首先我们要弄清楚研究计划的目的和要求。然后,我们将研究计划分解为核心与组成部分,并分别进行检查。
What is the purpose of a research proposal?
研究计划的目的是什么?
研究计划的目的可以概括如下:
● 提出一个对你所在的知识领域有重大贡献的研究项目。
●制定项目的详细计划,包括方法论和理论框架。
● 确保拟议的研究可以在所需的时间和可用的资源下实现。
● 证明您有足够的专业知识和经验来承担该项目。
● 即使完成研究计划不是你的申请要求,写一个也是个好主意。撰写研究计划将有助于您阐明目标和关键思想。它将使您能够考虑研究过程的每个阶段,以便制定清晰详细的计划。它还将帮助您预见您在候选人资格期间可能遇到的问题,并提示您思考在这些问题出现时如何处理它们。
Which skills are required for a research proposal?
研究计划需要哪些技能?
撰写研究计划涉及许多技能。这些技能可以分为三类:
1.Subject knowledge and research skills学科知识和研究能力
该计划让你有机会展示你对学科知识的掌握程度和对当前研究趋势的熟悉程度。
2.Critical thinking skills批判性思维能力
一份好的研究计划展示了高级分析、评估和综合技能的证据,以及创造力和结合纵向和横向思维的能力。
3.Communication skills沟通技巧
研究计划要显示出你有用准确简洁的语言表达自己的能力。
在写作计划时,有必要牢记这些技能,因为读者将在你的写作中寻找这些技能。
Content and structure
内容和结构
Zeroing in on the target
瞄准目标
将研究计划视为从大局(广泛的学术领域)归零到特定目标(你的项目)是很有用的。
首先,研究计划需要在更广泛的学科领域中确定一个特定的研究领域,并确定它为什么重要且值得探索。
其次,研究计划需要确定现有的或新发现的知识差距,这些差距可以发展成一个重要的研究问题。
第三,研究计划需要为你的项目建立一个令人信服的案例,作为解决研究问题的可行方法。这方面通常是计划书中最令人兴奋和最具创意的部分,它让你展示你的项目设计如何为现有或新发现的问题带来新方法。
最后,计划书需要证明你提出的解决问题的方法在作为候选人期间是可以实现的。
A Sample Research Proposal with Comments
一份研究计划书示例
一个研究项目或论文至少需要两个学期才能完成。
在开始研究之前,即参加第一学期的研究课程,学生必须经过计划书写作阶段。在此期间,学生将制定他们的计划书,并由其研究顾问进行审查。这意味着学生在第一学期开始前需要数月的规划和背景研究工作,未经批准,学生不得参加研究课程。
对于计划在秋季学期开始研究的学生,提交研究计划(给您的导师)的截止日期是7月。对于计划在春季学期开始的学生,截止日期是12月。在提案阶段,学生应与CM教员讨论他们的研究兴趣,确定研究主题,进行初步文献审查并制定项目建议。研究计划应讨论问题陈述,大约3-5页的目标、研究方法、研究活动和时间表。
附上一个实际案例提案供大家参考。
向上滑动阅览
A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management
(给你的项目提供一个简短而有意义的标题)
1.Introduction
Every construction project is unique and has its own operating environment and sets of technical requirements. As a result, the execution of a construction project is subject to numerous constraints that limit the commencement or progression of field operations, which invariably have significant negative impact on overall project performance. By definition, constraints refer to any condition, such as temporal/spatial limitations and safety/quality concerns, which may prevent a project to achieve its goals. Successful execution and control of a construction project relies on effective identification and management of constraints through master planning and short-term look-ahead scheduling. While the master schedule provides a global view of a project and the overall execution strategy, a look-ahead schedule offers a detail account of operational constraints and a detailed plan showing work to be done within a relatively short time window. Ideally, these detailed schedules should reflect actual field conditions and provide field personnel with operation instructions free of constraints and conflicts (Hinze 2008). This look-ahead scheduling and constraint analysis procedure is also a critical component of the last-planner methodology proposed by Ballard (2000). This research project will provide an overview of state-of-art schedule constraint analysis practice during look-ahead scheduling. In addition, it will propose a conceptual framework for managing constraints.
评价:背景或介绍部分描述了研究领域的基本事实和重要性——您的研究领域是什么、研究的动机以及它对行业实践/知识进步的重要性如何?
2. Problem Statement
The importance of developing a constraint-free and reliable work plan has long been recognized by the industry. However, numerous construction projects are still plagued by delays and cost overruns, which can frequently be traced to ineffective identification and treatment of constraints. First, when a constraint is not properly identified during scheduling, subsequent conflicts in the field are inevitable. Today’s projects are becoming more and more technically complex and logistically challenging, which exposes construction operations to even more complex constraints. Second, the traditional scheduling methods, bar charts and Critical Path Method (CPM) which are widely used as a basis for constraint analysis, greatly limit our capability in modeling and resolving constraints.
during look-ahead scheduling. These methods have long been blamed for their limitations in modeling and communicating constraints, including inability to cope with non-time-related precedence constraints and difficulty to evaluate and communicate inter-dependencies at the field operation level (e.g. Sriprasert and Dawood 2002; Chua and
Shen 2001). In summary, there is a need for a better understanding of constraints in construction and a structured approach in identifying and modeling constraints to ensure a constraint-free work plan. More specifically, the following research questions need to be addressed:
(1)What are the typical constraints found in various construction projects?
(2)How to classify these constrains for easier identification and modeling?
(3)What are the current industry practice as well as research advancements in modeling and resolving constraints? How to unify the constraint classification knowledge and various constraint modeling efforts into a framework for total constraint management?
评价:问题陈述提供了对需要解决的问题的清晰简洁的描述——您将解决的该研究领域的具体问题是什么(例如,对某个主题缺乏理解,表现不佳……)?
向上滑动阅览
3. Objectives
The long term goal of the research is to develop a formalized constraint management system. Constraint management is defined herein as the process of identifying, classifying, modeling, and resolving constraints. The objective of the current study is to provide a comprehensive review of literatures and industry practices in relation to constraint analysis and outline a conceptual framework for constraint management. Particularly, the study has the following sub-objectives: 1. To provide a comprehensive review of sources and characteristics of constraints typically found in construction projects; 2. To develop a constraint classification method for easier constraint identification and modeling; 3. To review current industry practices and researches in regards to constraint modeling; 4. To outline a conceptual framework for total constraint management. The result of this study will be valuable to the industry practitioners as well as related software providers in developing better practice and tools for constraint management and look-ahead scheduling.
评价:目标提供了将通过拟议研究实现的目标列表——有哪些好处/影响(例如更好的理解,提高生产力……),研究问题是否得到解答?
4. Preliminary Literature Review
A preliminary literature review shows that past studies are primarily focused on understanding and modeling a particular type of constraint, such as technological, contractual, resource, spatial, and information constraints. Limited progress has been made on classifying various constraints according to their characteristics in a comprehensive manner. In terms of modeling and resolving constraints, various approaches have been recommended. For example, many CPM-based methods are applied to deal with time-related constraints; knowledge-based systems were used to automate work plan generation; network-based optimization algorithms were developed to resolve constraints; and databases and visualization techniques, such as 3D, 4D, and Virtual Reality (VR), are used to communicate and visualize constraints. What is missing from the past studies is a comprehensive and structured approach in managing constraints in construction projects.
评价:初步文献综述:提供先前相关文献的总结对研究问题及其优势和劣势的研究以及您研究的理由——其他人知道/做过什么?而且,为什么你的研究仍然是必要的?
5. Methodology
The primary research method for this study is literature review and conceptual modeling. Constraint identification and classification through a structured approach is the very first step toward a “zero-constraint” environment. This study will first review various types of constraints in construction and their characteristics. Based on this understanding, a classification method will be developed to categorize constraint factors for the purpose of constraint identification and modeling. In the second stage of this study, existing constraint modeling methods will be identified based on a comprehensive review of current industry practices and academic researches. Finally, once the constraint classification and modeling techniques are identified, a conceptual framework for total constraint management will be outlined. This study will be conducted between September 2010 and May 2011.
评价:研究方法定义了研究方法和逻辑步骤——做什么以及如何解决问题并实现建议目标?将使用哪些研究方法(例如调查、建模、案例研究……?如有必要,附上项目进度表)
References
Ballard, G. (2000). “Last planner system of production control.” Ph.D. Dissertation. Univ. of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. Chua, D. and Shen, L. J. (2001). “Constraint modeling and buffer management with integrated production scheduler.” Proceedings of International Conferences on Lean Construction 2001, Singapore. Hinze, J. W. (2008). Construction planning and scheduling, 3rd ed. Pearson, NJ. Sriprasert, E. and Dawood, N (2002). “Requirements identification for 4D constraint-based construction planning and control system.” Proceedings of CIB W78 conference – distributing knowledge in building, Aarhus, Danmark.
评价:所有非原创的事实材料必须附有对其来源的引用。请使用 ASCE 关于参考和引用风格的指南。
本文参考:Miner, J.T., & Miner, L.E. (2005). Models of Proposal Planning and Writing. Praegar.
【END】
译者简介
PROFILE
Iris
斯旺西大学会计与金融在读南昌航空大学国际会计学
研究兴趣
会计学、经济学、性别研究