【专家论坛】腭部作为口腔软组织供区的实践要点
引用本文: 满毅,Vicha Huangphattarakul.腭部作为口腔软组织供区的实践要点【J】.口腔颌面外科杂志2020,30(5):265-271.
腭部作为口腔软组织供区的实践要点
满毅,Vicha Huangphattarakul
(四川大学口腔疾病研究国家重点实验室,华西口腔医院口腔种植科,四川 成都 610041)
摘要:口腔结缔组织供区主要包括硬腭、上颌结节及下颌磨牙后垫区,其中硬腭是最常用的软组织供区。由于硬腭的大小、形态、黏膜厚度,以及神经血管的位置会影响其获取技术的选择及可获得移植物的大小。因此,术者应熟悉腭部供区的解剖结构及获取技术的手术技巧,才能避免软组织手术时并发症的发生。本文就近年的相关文献结合笔者的临床经验,对硬腭的解剖结构及其作为结缔组织移植物供区的获取技术进行总结,为临床医生提供参考。
软组织轮廓缺损,软组织开裂及邻间隙龈乳头高度丧失等软组织缺损常见于天然牙及种植修复牙[1-6]。此外,薄龈生物型和角化龈不足的患者更容易出现牙龈退缩及种植体周围黏膜炎[7-8]。目前已有许多膜龈手术能治疗和改善这些缺损[9-14],而自体结缔组织移植物则是软组织移植物的金标准[15]。口腔结缔组织供区主要包括硬腭、上颌结节及下颌磨牙后垫区。硬腭是最常用的软组织供区[16-17]。本文结合笔者临床经验介绍硬腭的解剖结构及其作为供区获取结缔组织移植物的技术。
1 硬腭解剖结构
1.1 腭部黏膜厚度
Song等[19]测量腭侧黏膜时发现其平均厚度为(3.83±0.58) mm,并且从尖牙至第二前磨牙区而逐渐增厚,第一磨牙区厚度减少,第二磨牙区增厚;最薄的第一磨牙区平均厚度为3.13 mm,最厚的第二前磨牙区平均厚度为3.81 mm。此外,腭部黏膜厚度随着其远离龈缘而逐渐增加,这一结论与Studer等[17]的测量结果一致。但腭部黏膜远离龈缘,其逐渐增厚的同时,固有层向腭中缝和腭后部接近而逐渐变薄,同时黏膜下层逐渐增厚[20]。临床上腭部黏膜厚度常用的检测方法如下。
1.1.1 骨探测测量 在术区完成局部阻滞麻醉后,在测量位点将带有标志阀的牙周探针或根管锉垂直于组织表面并将其插入达到骨面,用游标卡尺测量所得到的厚度[17,21]。有学者提出,可通过根管锉刺入时感受到较致密的上皮层和结缔组织层的阻力感和刺入较松软的脂肪和腺体组织时的区别,来判断结缔组织的厚度[22]。此方法操作简单,是临床上测量腭部黏膜厚度最常用的方法。但缺点是有侵入性及测量结果不准确的可能性。例如,测量时黏膜会因麻醉或软组织炎症而出现暂时的肿胀而导致测量结果不准确[17,23]。Studer等[17]建议,在注射局部麻醉剂至少30 min后再进行测量。此外,因该方法需在局部麻醉下进行,一般是行软组织手术时测量,所以无法进行术前手术设计,偶尔会于术中发现黏膜厚度不足,此时则需临时更改手术计划,更换软组织供区。
1.1.2 锥形束CT测量 近年来,锥形束CT(cone?鄄beam computed tomography,CBCT)越来越多地被应用于软组织厚度的测量[24-27]。CBCT能清晰地显示口腔软、硬组织,但CBCT的低对比度和分辨率,无法区别软组织。因此,Barriviera 等[24]提出,通过使用开口器和压舌板可避免舌体接触腭部黏膜,从而可以在CBCT上分辨出腭部黏膜。最近有学者提出,将CBCT和口腔数字化印模数据融合后能更好地识别出腭部黏膜软组织表面的界线[25]。应用CBCT术前即可以无创的方式获得腭部黏膜厚度的数据,能提前设计手术方案,提高手术的准确性。但CBCT无法区别固有层和黏膜下层。
1.2 腭部黏膜供区范围的选择
腭侧软组织手术常见的术后并发症包括出血和感觉异常[16,28]。Tavelli等[29]在2018年的1篇系统性回顾分析中明确了腭大孔的位置,91.87%的腭大孔在第二和第三磨牙腭侧之间及更远中的位置,6.21%的腭大孔在第二磨牙腭侧,0.84%的腭大孔在第一和第二磨牙腭侧之间。此外,Tavelli等[29]在测量腭大动脉至上颌牙釉牙骨质界的距离时发现,其在第二磨牙位置的平均距离为(13.9±1.0) mm,向前走行直径减小的同时越接近釉牙骨质界;在尖牙位置的平均距离仅为(9.9±2.9) mm。文献同时对于获取软组织的安全区域给出建议,即每个牙釉牙骨质界至腭大动脉的平均距离减去标准偏差和龈缘2 mm的厚度所获得的距离即为安全区域(图2)[29]。此外,另有文献表明腭大动脉的位置与腭穹窿高度相关,腭穹窿越低,腭大动脉越接近龈缘[16,27]。
2 结缔组织移植物获取技术
2.1 Trap door技术
Trap door技术由Edel[30]于1974年提出,此方法首次提出了保留腭部上皮层,获取其下方的结缔组织以促进供区软组织一期愈合,从而减少术后不适。手术方法:于龈缘下2 mm处行垂直于黏膜表面的半厚水平切口,近远中长度与所需移植物的长度一致;在水平切口的近远中两端做垂直切口,宽度应大于所需要移植物宽度1 mm;刀片与黏膜表面平行,将瓣半厚分离至垂直切口的位置形成表层瓣;将表层瓣翻起后暴露下方组织,沿着表层瓣边缘,刀片垂直于骨面直到移植物所需的厚度,接着将刀片转至平行于组织表面,半厚分离移植物至根方的位置;在根方行垂直于组织面的水平切口处分离结缔组织。
2.2 Single incision技术
Single incision技术是由Hürzeler等[31]在1999年提出的获取带骨膜上皮下结缔组织移植物的技术。具体方法:为了维持龈缘组织的血供,避免组织坏死,于距离腭侧龈缘根方2 mm处做垂直于黏膜表面的全厚水平切口,而近远中长度为所需移植物长度加4 mm(向近中和远中各延伸2 mm);刀片平行于黏膜表面,将刀片向根方延伸形成厚度约0.5~1.0 mm的表层信封瓣,为了避免损伤腭大神经血管,切口深度不宜>8 mm;接着转动刀片在表层瓣下方做深达骨面的切口,分离移植物边缘,切口顺序为近中垂直切口、根方水平切口、远中垂直切口;最后应用骨膜剥离子将带有骨膜的移植物剥离取出。有学者认为在供区保留骨膜,获取不带骨膜的结缔组织有利于供区的术后恢复,操作方法是在完成上皮信封瓣后,在固有层下方、骨膜层上方通过锐性分离片起组织的方式,保留供区骨膜[32]。带骨膜的游离结缔组织移植物有更好的机械稳定性,有利于临床操作[33],详见图3~4。
此方法的优点在于该手术方法保留了表层瓣,但是与trap door技术相比,减少了垂直切口,进一步保留了表层瓣的血供;伤口是一期愈合,术后疼痛程度显著低于去上皮游离龈技术,同时再上皮化的时间更短[32]。但由于需要保留足够厚度的表层瓣,避免出现坏死,将减少移植物致密结缔组织网状层的厚度,下方疏松的黏膜下层比例较高[34]。研究表明,虽然最终根面覆盖的效果无明显差异,但是较致密的结缔组织移植物在术后1年能够获得更多的天然牙根面覆盖的牙龈厚度[35]。此外,为了能够获取足够厚度的结缔组织移植物的同时保留足够厚度的表层瓣,此技术不适用于腭部黏膜厚度较薄的患者。
2.3 去上皮游离龈技术
腭部的游离龈移植技术由Nabers[36]于1966年提出,该技术用于增加天然牙角化龈宽度。在此技术基础上,Zucchelli等[35]提出去上皮游离龈技术,即获取游离龈后于口外进行去上皮化获得结缔组织移植物进行结缔组织移植手术。具体方法:在腭部龈缘下2 mm处将刀片垂直于黏膜表面划出约移植物大小的2个水平及垂直切口,水平切口和垂直切口需要稍微延伸形成交叉,深度为移植物所需厚度,再增加0.5 mm为需要切除的上皮部分;接着将刀片转至平行于黏膜表面,由冠方水平切口近中向远中切入腭部组织,向根方移动,将游离龈组织取下;用刀片将取下的游离龈组织在口外平行于上皮表面去上皮,带有的少量脂肪和腺体组织可用刀片刮除,最终获得致密的结缔组织移植物。详见图5~6。
3 临床实践要点
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【专家介绍】
满毅,教授,博士研究生导师。四川大学华西口腔医院种植科主任,种植教研室主任,中华口腔医学会种植专也委员会常务委员、口腔数字化产业分会主任委员,国际种植牙专科医师学会(ICOI)中国分会(专家委员会)会长,四川省口腔种植专业委员会主任委员。 |