德国尖嘴犬，包括荷兰毛狮犬和博美犬FCI标准
注：该标准中文版翻译自FCI国际纯种犬标准英文版，已发布于CKU新官网-犬种百科
05.03.1998 / GB
FCI-国际纯种犬标准第 97 号
GERMAN SPITZ, INCLUDING KEESHOND AND POMERANIAN
德国尖嘴犬，包括荷兰毛狮犬和博美犬
本图片不一定代表该犬种的理想例子
ORIGIN: Germany.
起源：德国
Date of acceptance on a definitive basis by the FCI: 1/1/1957
FCI正式认可日期：1957年1月1日
DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE OFFICIAL VALID STANDARD: 17.01.2013
正式生效标准发布日期：2013年1月17日
UTILIZATION: Watch and Companion Dog.
用途：看守犬和伴侣犬
FCI-CLASSIFICATION:
Group 5 Spitz and primitive types.
Section 4 European Spitz.
Without working trial.
FCI分组：
第5组 尖嘴犬及原始犬组
第4类：欧洲尖嘴犬
无需工作测试
BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY:
German Spitz are descendants of the stone age « Peat Dogs » (Torfhund) « Canis familiaris palustris Rüthimeyer » and the later Lake Dweller’s(Pfahlbau) Spitz; they are the oldest breed of dog in Central Europe. Numerous other breeds have been produced from them. In nonGerman speaking countries Wolfsspitz are known as Keeshonds and Toy Spitz as Pomeranians.
历史沿革：
德国狐狸犬是石器时代“泥炭狗”、“Canis familiaris palustris Rüthimeyer”和后来的湖上生活者的狐狸犬的后代；德国狐狸犬是中欧最古老的犬种。这类犬以后衍生出了不计其数的犬种。在非德语国家，绒毛狼犬被称为毛狮犬，玩具狐狸犬被称为博美犬。
GENERAL APPEARANCE:
Spitz breeds are captivating on account of their beautiful coats, made to stand off by plentiful undercoat. Particularly impressive is the strong, mane-like collar round the neck (ruff) and the bushy tail carried boldly over the back. The foxy head with alert eyes and the small pointed, closely set ears give the Spitz his unique characteristic, cheeky appearance.
整体外貌：
狐狸犬的美丽被毛很迷人，底毛丰富并支撑起外层被毛。给人特别的印象是强壮、脖子周围的饰毛（颈毛）像鬃一样，尾巴被毛丰富，明显举过背。头呈狐狸样，眼神机警，耳朵小而尖，距离近，给了狐狸犬一个独具特色的、顽皮的外貌。
IMPORTANT PROPORTIONS:
The ratio of height at withers to body length is 1 : 1.
重要比例：肩高和体长之间的比例为1:1。
BEHAVIOUR/TEMPERAMENT:
The German Spitz is always attentive, lively and exceptionally devoted to his owner. He is very teachable and easy to train. His distrust to strangers and lack of hunting instinct make him the ideal watchdog for home and farm.
He is neither timid nor aggressive. Indifference to weather, robustness and longevity are his most outstanding attributes.
行为/秉性：
德国狐狸犬通常专注、活泼、非常忠实于主人。极易驯养。不信任生人，缺乏狩猎本能，这使得它成为家庭及农场中理想的看守犬。这种犬不胆小也不好斗。其最突出的特征是不受天气影响、精力充沛、寿命长。
HEAD: 头部
CRANIAL REGION: 颅部区域
The Spitz’s medium size head, seen from above, appears broadest at the back and tapers in wedgeshape to the tip of the nose.
头部中等大小，从上面看，底部宽，至鼻尖以楔形状逐渐变细。
Stop: Moderate to marked, never abrupt.
额段：较为明显，但不突兀。
FACIAL REGION: 面部区域
Nose: The nose is round, small and pure black, dark brown in brown Spitz.
鼻：鼻圆，小且为黑色，褐色狐狸犬的鼻为深褐色。
Muzzle: The muzzle is not overlong and stands in pleasing proportion to the skull. (In Wolfspitz/Keeshond, Giant Spitz and Medium-size Spitz the ratio length of the muzzle to length of the skull is approximately 2:3, in Miniature Spitz and Toy Spitz approximately 2:4.).
口吻：口吻不太长，与头骨比例协调。（在绒毛尖嘴狼犬/毛狮犬、大型狐狸犬和中型狐狸犬中，口吻长度和头骨长度的比例大约为2：3，在迷你狐狸犬和玩具狐狸犬中这一比例约为2：4）。
Lips: The lips are not exaggerated, close fitting to the jaws and do not form any folds to the corner of the mouth. They are completely black in all colours, brown in brown Spitz.
嘴唇：唇不夸张，紧贴双颌，在嘴角不形成任何折叠。褐色狐狸犬的唇为褐色，其它色的皆为黑色。
Jaws/Teeth: The jaws are normally developed and show a complete scissor bite with 42 teeth, corresponding to the teeth formula of the dog, i.e. the upper teeth closely overlapping the lower teeth and set square to the jaws. In Miniature-and Toy (Pomeranian) Spitz the lack of a few premolars is tolerated. Pincer-bite is permissible in all varieties of the German Spitz.
颌/齿：双颌正常发育，42颗牙成完全的剪咬合，符合狗牙的规则，即上下牙齿紧叩，双颌成方形。在小型狐狸犬和玩具狐狸犬中，允许缺少前臼齿。在所有德国狐狸犬中，钳咬合也是可接受的。
Cheeks: The cheeks are gently rounded, not protruding.
颊：略圆，不突出。
Eyes: The eyes are of medium size, longish shape, slightly slanting and dark. The eyelids are black in all shades of colour, dark brown in brown Spitz.
眼睛：中等大小、长形、略斜、深。眼睑为各种色度的黑色，褐色狐狸犬的眼睑为深褐色。
Ears: The small ears are set high and relatively close to each other, triangular and pointed; they are always carried upright, stiff at the tips.
耳朵：耳小位置高，两耳距离较近，三角形，尖，直立，尖端硬。
NECK: The medium length neck is set broadly into the shoulders, slightly arched without throatiness and covered by a thick, profuse coat forming a large ruff.
颈部：中等长度，宽，略成拱形，喉部没有垂肉，被毛厚，丰富的被毛形成了一个硕大的颈毛。
BODY: 躯干
Topline: The topline starts at the tips of the erectly carried prick-ears and merges in a gentle curve with the short, straight back. The bushy, sweeping tail, which partially covers the back, rounds off the silhouette.
背线：背线自直立的耳尖开始，与短且笔直的背汇合成一条柔和的曲线。被毛浓密、扫把样的尾巴覆盖住部分背，使其外形趋于圆形。
Withers / Back: The high withers drop imperceptibly into the shortest possible, straight, firm back.
肩隆/背：高高的肩隆缓缓下落并与尽可能短的、笔直、坚固的背相接合。
Loin : Short-coupled, broad and strong.
腰：接合短，宽且强壮。
Croup : The croup is broad and short, not falling away.
臀：宽、短，不下坠。
Chest: The deep chest is well sprung, the forechest well developed.
胸：胸深，扩张良好，前胸发育良好。
Underline and belly: The brisket reaches as far back as possible; the belly has only a slight tuck up.
腹线：胸尽可能地向后延伸；腹仅仅稍稍向上收拢。
TAIL: The tail is set on high and of medium length. It reaches upwards and rolls forward over the back, straight from the root. It lies firmly over the back and is covered with very bushy hair. A double curl at tip of tail is tolerated.
尾：位置高，中等长度。向上延伸，在背上向前卷曲，根部笔直。紧贴后背，被非常密的被毛所覆盖。尾尖双卷也可接受。
LIMBS: 四肢
FOREQUARTERS: 前躯
General appearance : Straight, rather broad front.
整体外形：笔直，前躯相当宽。
Shoulder : The shoulder-blade is long and well laid back. The shoulder is well muscled and firmly connected to the brisket.
肩：肩胛骨长且自然后斜。肩部肌肉发达，与胸部连接稳固。
Upper arm : The upper arm, which is approximately the same length as the shoulder-blade, forms an angle of 90 degrees to the shoulderblade.
上臂：上臂约与肩胛骨等长，并与其成90度夹角。
Elbow :The elbow joint is strong, close fitting to the brisket and turns neither in nor out.
肘：肘关节强壮，紧贴胸部，既不外翻也不内翻。
Forearm: The forearm is of medium length in relation to the body, sturdy and completely straight. The back of the forearm is well feathered.
前臂：与身长相比，前臂长度中等、稳固、笔直。前臂后侧饰毛良好。
Carpus : Strong but supple.
腕骨：强健而柔软。
Metacarpus (Pastern): The strong, medium length front pastern stands at an angle of 20 degrees from the vertical.
掌骨（系部）：强壮、长度适中的前系部站立时与垂直方向呈20度夹角。
Frontfeet: The frontfeet are as small as possible, round and closed, so called cat feet, with well arched toes. Toe-nails and pads are black in all shades of colour, but dark brown in brown dogs.
前足：前脚尽可能地小，圆且紧凑，被称为猫脚，脚趾拱起。脚趾甲和脚掌为各种色度的黑色，但是褐色犬的相应部位为暗褐色。
LIMBS: 四肢
HINDQUARTERS: 后躯
General appearance : The hindquarters are very muscular and abundantly feathered to the hocks. The hind legs stand straight and parallel.
整体外观：后躯肌肉非常发达，至飞节覆盖有丰富的被毛。后腿站立时笔直且相互平行。
Upper and lower thigh: Upper and lower thigh are of about equal length.
大腿和小腿： 大，小腿长度约相等。
Stifle (Knee): The stifle joint is strong with only moderate angulation and is turned neither in nor out in movement.
后膝关节: 强壮，夹角适当，运动时既不外翻也不内翻。
Hock / hock joint: The hock is of medium length, very strong and vertical to the ground.
附关节：中等长度、非常强壮并且与地面垂直。
Metatarsus : Short, strong, vertical and parallel.
跖骨：短，强壮，垂直且平行。
Hind feet: The hind feet are as small as possible, tightly closed with well arched toes, so called cat feet. The pads are coarse. The colour of nails and pads is as dark as possible.
后足：后脚尽可能地小，紧凑并且拱形自然，被称为猫脚。脚垫粗糙。趾甲和脚垫的颜色要尽可能地黑。
GAIT/MOVEMENT:
The German Spitz moves straight ahead with good drive, fluid and springy.
步态/动态：
德国狐狸犬径直向前运动，驱动良好，动作流畅有弹性。
SKIN: The skin covers the body tightly without any wrinkles.
皮肤：皮肤紧贴身体，没有任何皱纹。
COAT: 被毛
Hair: The German Spitz has a double coat : Long, straight, stand off top coat and short, thick, cotton-wool-like undercoat. Head, ears, front side of front and hind legs and the feet are covered by short, thick (velvety) hair. The rest of the body has a long rich coat. Not wavy, curly or corded, not parted on the back. Neck and shoulders are covered by a thick mane. The backside of the front legs is well feathered, the hind legs have ample feathering from croup to hocks. The tail is bushy.
毛质：德国狐狸犬为双层被毛：上层被毛长、直、竖立，底毛短、厚、棉毛样。头、耳、前后腿的前侧以及脚均覆盖有短、厚（天鹅绒般柔软的）毛发。躯体其它部分有长且丰富的被毛。不卷曲、成波浪状或绳状，不在背上分开。颈和肩覆盖有粗鬃毛。前腿后侧的饰毛良好。后腿上自臀部至飞节被有丰富的饰毛。尾巴如扫把样。
Colour:
a) Wolfsspitz/Keeshound : Grey shaded.
a) 绒毛狼犬/毛狮犬：各种色度的灰色。
b) Giant-Spitz: Black, brown, white.
b) 大型狐狸犬：黑色、褐色、白色。
c) Medium size Spitz: Black, brown, white, orange, grey-shaded, other colours.
c) 中型狐狸犬：黑色、褐色、白色、橙色、暗灰色、其它颜色。
d) Miniature Spitz: Black, brown, white, orange, grey-shaded, other colours.
d) 小型狐狸犬：黑色、褐色、白色、橙色、暗灰色、其它颜色。
e) Toy Spitz/Pomeranian: Black, brown, white, orange, grey-shaded, other colours.
e) 玩具狐狸犬/博美犬：黑色、褐色、白色、橙色、暗灰色、其它颜色。
Black Spitz: In the black Spitz, the undercoat and skin must also be black and the colour on top must be a shining black without any white or other markings.
黑色狐狸犬：在黑色狐狸犬中，底毛和皮肤也必须是黑色的，上层的颜色必须是亮黑色，不能有任何白色的或其它颜色的斑块。
Brown Spitz: The brown Spitz should be uniformly dark brown.
褐色狐狸犬：褐色狐狸犬应该一律为暗褐色。
White Spitz: The coat should be pure white without any trace of yellow in particular, which often occurs, specially on the ears.
白色狐狸犬：其被毛应为纯白色，不能有其它颜色，特别是黄色，这种现象通常会出现在耳部。
Orange Spitz: The orange Spitz should be evenly coloured in the medium colour range.
橙色狐狸犬：橙色狐狸犬应均匀地着有中间色范围内的颜色。
Grey-shaded Spitz Keeshond / Keeshond: Grey-shaded is a silver grey with black hair-tips. Muzzle and ears dark in colour; round the eyes well defined « spectacles » shown as a delicately penciled black line slanting from outer corner of eye to lower corner of ear, coupled with distinct markings and shading forming expressive short eyebrow; mane and ring on shoulder lighter; fore- and hindlegs without any black marking under the elbows or stifles, except slight pencilling on the toes; black tip of tail; underside of tail and trousers pale silver grey.
暗灰色的狐狸犬/毛狮犬：暗灰色犬是一种毛尖为黑色的银灰色犬。其口吻和耳为暗黑色；眼周围是外形明显的眼框，自眼角外到眼角下部象是一条用铅笔描绘出的黑线，以特征斑和阴影连接，形成富于表现力的短眉毛；肩上的鬃毛和环形饰毛颜色较淡。除过脚趾有铅笔样描绘的淡色斑之外，前后腿的肘部或膝关节以下没有任何黑斑；尾巴和“裤子”下面是浅银灰色。
Other coloured Spitz: The term « other colours » covers all shades of colour, such as : cream, cream-sable, orange-sable, black and tan, and particolour (with white always as main colour). The black, brown, grey or orange patches must be distributed over the whole body.
其它颜色的狐狸犬：术语“其它颜色”包括所有色度的颜色，如奶油色、奶油-灰、橙-灰、铁包金色，以及杂色（通常以白色为主色）。黑色、褐色、灰色或橙色斑块必须分布在整个躯体中。
SIZE AND WEIGHT: 尺寸和重量
Height at the withers:
a) Wolfspitz/Keeshond 49 cm +/- 6 cm
b) Giant Spitz 46 cm +/- 4 cm
c) Medium size Spitz 34 cm +/- 4 cm
d) Miniature Spitz 26 cm +/- 3 cm
e) Toy Spitz/Pomeranian 20 cm +/- 2 cm
Dogs under 18 cm undesirable.
肩高：
a）绒毛狼犬/毛狮犬：49 厘米 +/- 6厘米
b) 大型狐狸犬：46 厘米 +/- 4厘米
c) 中型狐狸犬：34 厘米 +/- 4厘米
d) 迷你狐狸犬：26 厘米 +/- 3厘米
e) 玩具狐狸犬/博美犬：20 厘米 +/- 2厘米
肩高低于18厘米不理想。
Weight: Each variety of German Spitz should have a weight corresponding to its size.
重量：每一种德国狐狸犬均应拥有与其尺寸协调的重量。
FAULTS: 缺陷
Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog.
任何与上述各点的背离均视为缺陷，其缺陷严重性严格地与其缺陷的程度及其对犬的健康和福利的影响成比例。
SEVERE FAULTS: 严重缺陷
Faults in construction.
Head too flat; distinct apple head.
Flesh-coloured nose, eyelids and lips.
In Wolfspitz/Keeshond, Giant Spitz and Medium size Spitz missing teeth.
Faults in movement.
In grey-shaded Spitz missing of distinct markings of the face.
体格缺陷。
头过平坦；明显的苹果头。
肉色的鼻子、眼睑和唇。
绒毛狼犬/毛狮犬、大型狐狸犬和中型狐狸犬缺齿。
步态有缺陷。
暗灰色的狐狸犬面部缺少典型特征。
DISQUALIFYING FAULTS: 失格缺陷
Aggressive or overly shy.
Any dog clearly showing physical or behavioural abnormalities shall be disqualified.
Gap in fontanel.
Over-or undershot bite.
Ectropion or entropion.
Semi-pricked ears.
Definite white patches in all not white Spitz.
Any colour that has the merle factor.
有攻击性或过度羞怯。
任何身体或行为上明显失常的犬应视为失格。
囟门不完全。
上颚突出或下颚突出。
睑内翻或外翻。
耳朵半立。
除白色狐狸犬外，有明显的白色斑块。
任何颜色中有云石色。
N.B.：
Male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fullydescended into the scrotum.
Only functionally and clinically healthy dogs, with breed typicalconformation, should be used for breeding.
注：
公犬具备两个明显正常且完全置于阴囊的睾丸
只有身体机能以及临床表现健康的，具备典型犬种结构的犬只，才可用于繁殖。
最后修改部分用黑体字显示。
▲ 犬只各部位名称（FCI标准通用）