一起来历劫 | 四六级 Day 19
-Monday-
对话框回复“早安”或者“morning"，获取清晨元气满满的英文金句
有书英语共读发起“四六级历劫”计划
三个月带你飞升上神！
真题再现
I first began to investigate the basis of human motivation and how people persevere after setbacks as a psychology graduate student at Yale University in the 1960s. Animal experiments by psychologists at the University of Pennsylvania had shown that after repeated failures, most animals conclude that a situation is hopeless and beyond their control. After such an experience an animal often remains passive even when it can change a state, and they called learned helplessness.
People can learn to be helpless, too. Why do some students give up when they encounter difficulty, whereas others who are no more skilled continue to strive and learn? One answer, I soon discovered, lay in people's beliefs about why they had failed.
（选自2016年12月大学英语四级考试真题）
investigate
英 [ɪn'vestɪgeɪt] 美 [ɪn'vɛstɪɡet]
v. 调查；研究
motivation
英 [məʊtɪ'veɪʃ(ə)n] 美 [,motə'veʃən]
n. 动机；积极性；推动
persevere
英 [pɜːsɪ'vɪə] 美 [,pɝsə'vɪr]
vi. 坚持；不屈不挠；固执己见
setback
英 ['setbæk] 美 ['sɛtbæk]
n. 挫折；退步；逆流
conclude
英 [kən'kluːd] 美 [kən'klud]
v. 推断；决定，作结论；结束
encounter
英 [ɪn'kaʊntə; en-] 美 [ɪn'kaʊntɚ]
v. 遭遇，邂逅；遇到
beyond control
无法控制，难以驾驭
continue to
继续
翻译
20世纪60年代，我开始研究人类动机基础，以及人们在遭受挫折后如何继续坚持，那是我还是个耶鲁大学心理学系的大学生。宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家进行了动物实验，结果显示，大多数动物经历了数次失败后，会感到无助，束手无策。试验过后，动物们一般还是很消沉，即使当它们有能力改变的时候也如此，这被称为习得性无助。
人类也会有习得性无助。为何有些学生遇到困难后，就会放弃，而另一些资质差不多的学生，还是能继续努力学习呢？我很快发现，答案就在于人们对于失败原因的看法。
重难点解析
1. I first /began to/ investigate/ the basis of /human motivation and /how people persevere/ after setbacks /as a psychology graduate student/ at Yale University in the 1960s.
20世纪60年代，我开始研究人类动机基础，以及人们在遭受挫折后如何继续坚持，那是我还是个耶鲁大学心理学系的大学生。
解析：
basis 前有 on the 后加 of 表示 以某方法/设备/体制/计划为基础/根据。
basis 前加 as a 后加 for表示以某实际境况/概念/行动为起点。
The contract was awarded on the basis of cost more than anything else.
= The contract was awarded based on cost more than on anything else.
2. Animal experiments by psychologists at the University of Pennsylvania had shown that after repeated failures, most animals conclude that a situation is hopeless and beyond their control.
宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家进行了动物实验，结果显示，大多数动物经历了数次失败后，会感到无助，束手无策。
解析：Conclude 的用法
1）表示结束，可用作及物动词或者不及物动词。
He has concluded his research.
他完成了他的研究工作。
2) 表示“断定”或“推断”，及物动词，但通常只接that从句或者不定式的复合结构（且不定式只能是to be）作宾语，通常不接简单宾语，也不用于进行时态。
例如：
We concluded that he was wrong./ We concluded him to be wrong.
我断定他出事了。
本句中是第二种用法。在写作中，可用于总结性话语。
3. After such an experience an animal often remains passive even when it can change a state, which they called learned helplessness.
试验过后，动物们一般还是很消沉，即使当它们有能力改变的时候也如此，这被称为习得性无助。
解析：learned helplessness
“习得性无助”是美国心理学家塞利格曼1967年在研究动物时提出的。他用狗作了一项经典实验，起初把狗关在笼子里，只要蜂音器一响，就给以难受的电击，狗关在笼子里逃避不了电击，多次实验后，蜂音器一响，在给电击前，先把笼门打开，此时狗不但不逃而是不等电击出现就先倒在地开始呻吟和颤抖，本来可以主动地逃避却绝望地等待痛苦的来临，这就是习得性无助。
4. People can learn to be helpless, too.
人类也会有习得性无助。
5. Why do some students give up when they encounter difficulty, whereas others who are no more skilled continue to strive and learn? One answer, I soon discovered, lay in people's beliefs about why they had failed.
为何有些学生遇到困难后，就会放弃，而另一些资质差不多的学生，还是能继续努力学习呢？我很快发现，答案就在于人们对于失败原因的看法。
解析：Whereas一般用作连接词
1）用以比较或对比两个事实，意思是但是，然而，尽管。
例如：
Some praise him, whereas others condemn him.
有些人赞扬他,而有些人谴责他。
2）用于正式文件中句子的开头，表示鉴于，一般是法律用语
阅读理解
请选出与原文相关的一项：
A. The author conducted an experiment to find out about the influence of students' mind-sets on math learning.
B. After failing again and again,most animals give up hope.
C. Informing students about the brain as a learning machine is a good strategy to enhance their motivation for learning.
翻译练习
乌镇是浙江的一座古老水镇，坐落在京杭大运河畔。