医生,孩子臀纹不对称,怎么办?
在门诊遇到一对从外院急匆匆赶来的年轻夫妇,抱着 3 月大的宝宝直直冲向诊疗床,并迅速解开包被,诉:「医生,今天外院体检时,那儿的医生说我的孩子臀纹有点不对称,可能是骨头发育不好,怎么办?我们好担心呀!」
图源:作者提供 臀纹及腿纹不对称
病史及查体:
患儿,男,3 月龄,系 G1P1,头位顺产,羊水、胎盘、胎膜正常,出生无窒息抢救史。生后反应可,哭声响,面容正常,全身无畸形。双侧腿纹及臀纹不对称,四肢长度一致,活动自如,四肢外形正常,无异常包块,无异常声响,无外伤病史,无腿部包裹病史,否认家族有与关节相关疾病史。
针对该体征需考虑:
1. 该宝宝的臀纹及腿纹不对称属于生理性还是病理性的?
2. 如果是病理性的,需要考虑哪些疾病?
只有排除病理性的因素才能考虑生理性的。
病理性的臀纹不对称:
最常见的先天性髋关节发育异常,臀纹不对称是早期信号之一;还需考虑机械因素、风湿免疫性疾病诱导的关节松弛(例如:风湿热,幼年特发性关节炎等)、原发性髋臼发育不良,肌肉发育不良和遗传因素等。
新生宝宝包裹不正确,也容易影响宝宝的骨骼发育,造成关节错位、脱臼。
生理性臀纹不对称:
可能与睡眠姿势及包裹等相关,可自行消退,亦可随着年龄增长而消失。
暂排除机械因素及包裹不正确导致关节发育异常,但仍需警惕先天性髋关节发育异常(Developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH)。
在婴幼儿期的 DDH 可无任何体征及症状,但有些 DDH 的严重后果,有可能要到孩子成年后才表现出来,可与功能障碍,疼痛和早期骨关节炎有关。作为儿科医生,我们应该熟练掌握先天性髋关节发育异常这个疾病。
先天性髋关节发育异常
Part 1
DDH病因与临床表现
Part 2
DDH 辅助检查
Part 3
DDH 诊断
Part 4
DDH 鉴别诊断
Part 5
治疗方案与预后
参考文献(上下滑动查看全部内容):
1. Bialik V, Bialik GM, Blazer S, et al. Developmental dysplasia of the hip: a new approach to incidence. Pediatrics 1999; 103:93.
2. Lehmann HP, Hinton R, Morello P, Santoli J. Developmental dysplasia of the hip practice guideline: technical report. Committee on Quality Improvement, and Subcommittee on Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. Pediatrics 2000; 105:E57.
3. Reidy M, Collins C, MacLean JGB, Campbell D. Examining the effectiveness of examination at 6-8 weeks for developmental dysplasia: testing the safety net. Arch Dis Child 2019; 104:953.
4. Weinstein SL, Mubarak SJ, Wenger DR. Developmental hip dysplasia and dislocation: Part II. Instr Course Lect 2004; 53:531.
5. Shaw BA, Segal LS, SECTION ON ORTHOPAEDICS. Evaluation and Referral for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Infants. Pediatrics 2016; 138.
6. Lehmann HP, Hinton R, Morello P, Santoli J. Developmental dysplasia of the hip practice guideline: technical report. Committee on Quality Improvement, and Subcommittee on Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. Pediatrics 2000; 105:E57.
7. Elbourne D, Dezateux C, Arthur R, et al. Ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of developmental hip dysplasia (UK Hip Trial): clinical and economic results of a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360:2009.
8. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Developmental dylsplasia of the hip--child. www.acr.org/Quality-Safety/Appropriateness-Criteria (Accessed on August 21, 2012).