看国外：如何预防寄生虫的滋生
寄生虫的传播可以是：
1.直接接触另一头猪和/或其粪便或黏液。
2.间接地-通过公用圈舍——甚至几年前由一头猪释放的寄生虫卵。
3.间接地-通过机械转移，例如，鸟类/啮齿动物穿过农场时脚上有寄生虫卵。
Transmission of parasites can be either:
Directly - through contact with another pig and/or its fomites eg, faeces or mucus.
Indirectly - by using a paddock previously inhabited- even a few years ago - by a pig that shed parasite eggs.
Indirectly - via mechanical transfer eg, birds / rodents visiting the paddocks with parasite eggs on their feet.
管理农场寄生虫
Managing parasite populations on farm
安全地管理农场内的啮齿动物种群会减少寄生虫的数量，但阻止来访的鸟类更是一项挑战。可以在黎明和/或黄昏饲喂，让猪有时间在鸟醒之前吃它们的口粮，这样就不那么吸引鸟类了。
Safely managing on-farm rodent populations as best you can will have an impact on parasite build-up but preventing visiting birds is more of a challenge. You can feed at dawn and/or dusk giving the pigs the time to eat their ration before the birds are awake and so make landing in the paddocks less inviting.
以下几个因素会增加环境中蠕虫的风险：外部引种；转栏；公猪去母猪群；购买未经正确驱虫处理的育肥断奶仔猪；对猪群的驱虫不充分，包括不正确的剂量和/或频率；相信并使用OTC草药制剂或你读到的东西是互联网上的“天然”驱虫剂，如南瓜籽。
The risk factors for increasing environmental worm burdens include; introducing new pigs into your herd; exhibiting your pigs; boar hire where you loan the boar out or take in visiting sows; buying in fattening weaners that have not had the correct de-wormer administered; inadequate de-worming of the herd including incorrect dosing and/or frequency; believing and then using OTC herbal preparations or something you read is a 'natural’ de-wormer on the internet eg, pumpkin seeds.
防止寄生虫在猪群中堆积，首先要有一个有效的驱虫计划，并坚持。这主要适用于内寄生虫（内部蠕虫），因为外寄生虫（外部寄生虫）主要局限于虱子、疥螨和蜱，用适当的产品处理整个猪群很容易杀死它们。在猪群中有大量的外部寄生虫是可预防的，是提高动物福利的途径。
Preventing build-up in the pigs’ environment starts with an effective de-worming plan for the herd and adhered to. This is mostly applicable to endoparasites (internal worms) as ectoparasites (external parasites) are primarily restricted to lice, mange mites and ticks, which are simple to kill by treating the whole herd with the appropriate product. Having external parasites that are allowed to build in number within the herd is a highly preventable welfare situation.
传统上，猪是每年两次驱内寄生虫，然而，这不是一个特别的战略方法。偶然的是，历史上并没有像绵羊业那样过度使用驱虫产品，因此报告的抗药性目前很低。这并不是说，我们可以沾沾自喜，因为有报道称，我们对驱虫产品产生了抵抗力。
Traditionally pigs are de-wormed for endoparasites twice yearly, however, this is not a particularly strategic approach. It is fortuitous that not much over use of de-worming products has historically occurred, as in the sheep industry, and so reported resistances are currently low. That’s not to say we can be complacent as resistance to de-worming products has been reported.
越来越多的趋势是先进行虫卵计数，然后进行相应的驱虫，然后再进行另一次虫卵计数，以证明其有效性。这可能意味着驱虫频率的减少或增加，取决于群体内的水平，但这是一个高度战略性的方法。
There is a growing trend to perform worm egg counts and then de-worm accordingly, followed by another worm egg count to prove efficacy. This may mean a reduction in de-worming frequency or an increase, depending upon the levels within your herd, but is a highly strategic approach.
为了防止寄生虫卵落入环境中，选择一种能杀死虫卵以及寄生虫成虫和幼虫的产品是很重要的（见表）。小规模饲养场有很多种，通常很容易添加到他们的饲料中。杀灭虫卵可以有效地减轻农场内虫害负担。如果因为猪肝上的白色斑点被屠宰场判断为不合格，并且猪在农场里呆了8周或更长时间，那么你知道猪场有大量白虫（蛔虫）卵。
To prevent parasite eggs being shed into the environment then it is important to choose a product that kills the worm eggs as well as the adult and larval stages of the parasite [see Table]. There are many available to the small-scale keeper, often easily added to their feed. Killing the worm eggs will effectively reduce the worm burden in your paddocks . Interestingly, if you ever have a liver condemned at the abattoir due to “milk spot scarring” and the pigs are on your paddock for the preceding eight weeks or more, then you know you have the large white worm (Ascarid) eggs present..
显示驱虫剂对不同寄生虫的效果表Table showing the efficacy of de-wormers against different parasites
在一个理想的世界里，你可以用一种杀死虫卵的产品驱虫，然后把这些猪放进一个新的圈舍。事实上，很多小规模的饲养者没有足够的土地来经常这样做，因此不会有那么奢侈。如果你不得不继续使用相同的农场，那么谨慎的做法是将驱虫频率增加到每季度一次。即使你每年只在温暖的月份饲养几头育肥的断奶仔猪，这也是有意义的。对于我们这些常年养猪和/或能拥有比所需数量更多的农场的人来说，可能仍然没有优势。有文献证明蛔虫卵在土壤中可以存活7年。静置七年的农场对我们大多数人来说都是一种浪费。
In an ideal world you would de-worm your pigs with a product that kills worm eggs and then put those pigs in to a new paddock. In reality, lots of small-scale keepers do not have enough land to do this too often and so will not have that luxury. If you have to continually have to use the same paddocks then it would be prudent to increase the frequency of de-worming to perhaps quarterly. This would make sense even if you only keep a few fattening weaners in the warmer months once a year. For those of us who breed and so keep pigs year round and/or can have a few more paddocks than required may still not have an advantage. There is documented evidence that the eggs of the Ascarid worm can live for up to seven years in soil. Resting paddocks for seven years is a stretch for most of us.
不幸的是，你不能把典型的消毒剂倒在地上，因为大多数都被土壤和粪便等有机物质迅速灭活。据报道，在一些石灰基的室外/土壤消毒剂可以杀死寄生虫虫卵（和孢子形成细菌），如果你必须处理高寄生虫负担，你可以试试。当没有植被，只有泥土/泥浆时，猪转栏后。如果土壤是干的，你要把它弄湿，然后以每平方米500克的速度撒上粉末。然后，该产品在24小时内将土壤加热至约70°C（158°F），并在接下来的几个月内使土壤保持高度碱性。这种组合杀死大多数病毒、细菌和寄生虫卵，有效地消毒场地。这种产品的优点是24小时后可以安全放回动物，因此不会影响您的饲养。这些劳动是高强度和昂贵的，因此，如果你必须选择哪些场地处理，然后集中在隔离，其中包括转入的分娩/断奶易感猪只。
Unfortunately, you can’t just pour typical disinfectants on to mud as most are rapidly inactivated by organic material such as soil and faeces There are outdoor limed based outdoor/soil disinfectants available that are reported to kill parasite worm eggs (and spore forming bacteria) which you could try if you’re having to deal with high parasite burdens. This needs to be performed as the pigs vacate the paddock when there is no vegetation and only earth/mud. You dampen the soil if it is dry and then sprinkle the powder at a rate of 500g per m2. The product then heats the soil to approximately 70 ◦C (158 ˚F) over a 24-hour period, and leaves it highly alkaline for the next couple of months. This combination kills most viruses, bacteria, and parasite eggs, effectively sterilising the paddock. The beauty of this product is that it is safe to return the animals after 24 hours and so hardly disrupts your husbandry. It is labour intensive and expensive, so if you have to choose which paddocks to treat then concentrate on isolation paddocks which have housed incoming stock, and the farrowing/weaning paddocks, which house the most susceptible pigs.
作者：Dr Michaela Giles