初中英语知识点:独立主格

  独立主格结构:

  是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。

  这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常称为“独立主格结构”。

  独立主格的形式:

  一、一般独立主格形式

  与主句逻辑关系松散

  形式为: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. +不定式; n. +介词短语; n. +形容词; n. +副词;

  ①名词/主格代词+现在分词

  名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主动关系。

  如:

  The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say.

  姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好。

  Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.

  如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游。

  ②名词/主格代词+过去分词

  名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是被动关系。

  如:

  The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.

  随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。

  Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.

  由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字。

  ③名词/主格代词+不定式

  名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主动关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作。

  如:

  He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help.

  借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。

  They said good-bye to each other,one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.

  他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。

  ④名词/主格代词+形容词

  如:

  An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive.

  那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还。

  So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.

  这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。

  ⑤名词/主格代词+副词

  如:

  He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。

  The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束,他们就都回家了。

  ⑥名词/主格代词+介词短语

  如:

  The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。

  Mary was sitting near the fire,her back towards the door.玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门。

  ⑦名词/主格代词+名词

  His first shot failure,he fired again.

  他第一枪没击中,又打了一枪。

  Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.

  两百人死于事故,其中有许多儿童。

  二、- with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密

  形式为: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. +介词短语

  with ( without)+宾语(名词/代词)+宾语补足语,宾语通常由名词或代词充当,但代词一定要用宾格。

  上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。

  The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.

  小女孩把盒子藏了起来,没有人知道它在哪里。(without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式)

  Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.

  她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。(without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式)

  The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.

  有这么多的名胜可参观,小孩很激动。(with+名词/代词+动词不定式)

  The boy was walking, with his father ahead.

  父亲在前,小孩在后走着。(with+名词/代词+副词)

  He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.

  他站在门口,手里拿着一部电脑。(with+名词/代词+介词短语)

  With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.

  由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。(with+名词/代词+形容词)

  在with (without) 的复合结构中,多数情况下with 能省略,但without 不能省略。

  三、- each引导的强调型独立主格:

  形式为:句子 +复数名词结尾 , each +介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/-ing形式/-ed形式

  这种独立主格结构为了强调句尾的复数名词

  如:

  Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups,each with its own executive

  四、其他形式 :

  There being +名词(代词)

  如:

  There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。

  There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会。

  It being +名词(代词)

  如:

  It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息。

  It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了。

  独立主格运用注意:

  1.独立主格转换成状语从句,当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。如:

  After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.

  下课后,学生很快离开了课室。

  2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形:在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略。

  (1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:

  Itbeing Sunday, we went to church.

  因为是星期天,我们去做了礼拜。

  (2)在There being+名词的结构中。如:

  There beingno bus, we had to go home on foot.

  因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。

  3. 在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如:

  Miss Smith entered the classroom,book in hand.

  史密斯小姐走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。

  比较with的复合结构。如:

  Miss Smith entered the classroom,with a book in her hand.

  4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式.

  The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.

  主编来了,我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)

  独立主格结构的用法:

  独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。

  1.用作时间状语

  The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home.

  工作完成后,我们就回家了。

  2.用作条件状语

  Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.

  如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。

  3.用作原因状语

  An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.

  因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。

  4.用作伴随状语

  He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).

  他躺在草地上,将两手交叉枕在脑后。

  5.表示补充说明

  We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two.

  我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活。

  注:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;

  表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。

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