腊肠犬FCI国际纯种犬标准

注：该标准中文版翻译自FCI国际纯种犬标准英文版，已发布于CKU新官网-犬种百科

13.07.2001 / EN

FCI-国际纯种犬标准第 148 号

DACHSHUND

腊肠犬

本图并不一定代表该犬种的理想例子

ORIGIN:  Germany.

起源：德国

Date of acceptance on a definitive basis by the FCI: 1/1/1955

FCI正式认可日期：1995年1月1日

DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE OFFICIAL VALID STANDARD: 13.03.2001.

正式生效标准发布日期：2001年3月13日

UTILIZATION: Hunting dog above and below ground.

用途：地上地下用猎犬。

FCI-CLASSIFICATION:

Group 4 Dachshunds.

With working trial.

FCI分组：

第4组：腊肠犬

有工作犬测试

BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY:

The Dachshund, also called  Dackel or Teckel, has been known since the Middle Ages.  From the « Bracken », dogs were constantly bred which were specially suitable for hunting below ground.  From these short legged dogs, the Dachshund evolved and was recognised as one of the most versatile and useful breeds of hunting dogs.  He also has excellent achievements above ground, hunting while giving tongue, searching and tracking wounded game.  The oldest Club devoted to the breeding of Dachshunds is the « Deutsche Teckelklub » e.V., founded in 1888.

For decades the Dachshund has been bred in three sizes (Teckel, Miniature Teckel and Rabbit Teckel) and in three different kinds of coat (Smooth-haired, Wire-haired and Long-haired).

历史沿革：

腊肠犬，也被称作 Dackel 或 Teckel，这一犬种自中世纪以来就很有名。根据“Bracken (狩猎)”记载，经过不断繁殖后的犬只特别适于在地下狩猎。经由这些短腿的犬只，腊肠犬得以进化，并被认可为用途最多，最有用的猎犬种。这一犬种同样具有卓越的地面上猎捕能力，在寻找猎物的同时，能够大声吠叫，搜索、追踪受伤的猎物。1888 年成立的名为“德国 Teckel 俱乐部”最早致力于腊肠犬的繁育。

几十年来，腊肠犬繁育出三种类型（腊肠犬, 迷你腊肠犬，以及兔形腊肠犬），这些腊肠犬有三种不同的被毛（平毛，刚毛以及长毛）。

GENERAL APPEARANCE:

Low, short legged, elongated but compact build, very muscular with cheeky, challenging head carriage and alert facial expression. His general appearance is typical of his sex. In spite of his legs being short in relation to the long body, he is very mobile and lithe.

整体外貌：

身体离地低，腿短，长，但结构紧凑，面颊厚，肌肉强健，头部高昂，面部表情警惕性高。性别体征明显。尽管与长长的身体相比，腿部显得短，但这种犬非常灵活，轻盈。

IMPORTANT PROPORTIONS:

With the distance above ground level of about one third of the height at withers, the body length should be in harmonious relation to height at withers, about 1 to 1,7 - 1,8.

重要比例：

由于离地面的距离约为肩高的三分之一，身长应与肩高比例恰当，约为 1：1.7-1.8。

BEHAVIOUR/TEMPERAMENT:

Friendly by nature, neither nervous nor aggressive, with even temperament.  Passionate, persevering and fast hunting dog with an excellent nose.

行为/秉性：

生性友好，既不紧张，也没有攻击性，性情平和。热情，坚定，嗅觉出色，追逐猎物时速度很快。

HEAD: 头部

CRANIAL REGION: 颅部区域

HEAD：Elongated as seen from above and in profile.  Tapering uniformly towards the nose leather yet not pointed.  Superciliary ridges clearly defined.  Nasal cartilage and bridge of nose, long and narrow.

头部：由上面或者侧面观察，显得较长。头部向着鼻子逐渐变细，但不呈尖角。眉脊明显，鼻软骨与鼻梁长而窄。

Skull: Rather flat, gradually merging with the slightly arched nasal bridge.

头骨：很平，逐渐与轻微拱起的鼻梁相融合。

Stop: Only indicated.

额段：不太明显。

FACIAL REGION: 面部区域

Nose:  Leather well developed.

鼻：鼻头皮质发育良好。

Muzzle:  Long, sufficiently broad and strong.  Can be opened wide, split to level of eye.

口吻：长、足够宽，强有力。能够张开至眼部。

Lips: Taut fitting, covering the lower jaw well.

唇部：肌肉紧致，能很好地盖住下颌。

Jaws/Teeth: Well developed upper and lower jaw.  Scissor bite, even and closing firmly.  Ideally, complete set of 42 teeth according to requirements for a dog’s mouth with strong Canines exactly fitting into each other.

颌/牙齿：上下颌发达。剪状咬合，平滑且闭合紧。理想情况下，根据有关犬的口吻的要求（强有力，紧扣的犬齿），要具备齐全的 42 颗牙齿。

Eyes: Medium size, oval, set well apart, with clear energetic yet friendly expression.  Not piercing.  Colour bright, dark reddish brown to blackish brown in all coat colours.  Wall, fish or pearl eyes in dapple dogs are not desired but may be tolerated.

眼睛：中等尺寸，椭圆形，两眼距离适中，眼神显现活力，友善，不尖锐。眼球颜色明亮，深红棕色至黑褐色，适于各种颜色的被毛。对于有斑纹的犬来说，外斜视，鱼眼或白内障都不是理想的，但也可接受。

Ears: Set on high, not too far forward.  Sufficiently long but not exaggerated.  Rounded, not narrow, pointed or folded.  Mobile with front edge lying close to cheek.

耳朵：位置高，不过度朝前。足够长，但并不显夸张。圆，不狭窄，有尖角或折痕。灵活，前边缘紧靠脸颊。

NECK: Sufficiently long, muscular.  Tight fitting skin on throat.  Lightly arched nape of neck, carried freely and high.

颈部：足够长，肌肉发达，喉部皮肤紧致。颈背轻微拱起，颈部位置高，活动自如。

BODY: 躯干

Topline：Blending harmoniously from neck to slightly sloping croup.

背线：由颈部向倾斜的臀部和谐地成一条线。

Withers: Pronounced.

肩：明显。

Back: Behind the high withers, topline running from the thoracic vertebrae straight or slightly inclined to the rear.  Firm and well-muscled. 

背：位于高高的肩隆后，背线由胸椎骨笔直或者略微倾斜地贯穿至尾部。肌肉结实，发达。

Loins：Strongly muscled. Sufficiently long.

腰：肌肉强健，足够长。

Croup: Broad and sufficiently long.  Slightly sloping.

臀：宽阔而足够长，略有坡度。

Chest: Sternum well developed and so prominent that slight depressions appear on either side.  The ribcage, seen from the front, is oval.  Seen from above and the side, it is roomy, giving plenty of space for the heart and lung development.  Ribs carried well back.  With correct length and angulation of shoulder blade and upper arm, the front leg covers the lowest point of the sternal line in profile.

胸：胸骨发达，很突出，所以两侧有轻微的凹陷。由前面观察，胸腔呈椭圆形。由上面与侧面观察，空间大，这给心脏与肺的发展提供了充分的空间。肋骨自然后靠，肩胛骨与上臂有着合适的长度与角度，从侧面看，前腿盖住了胸骨线的最低点。

Underline and belly : Slight tuck up.

腹线及腹部：轻微折起。

TAIL: Not set on too high, carried in continuation of topline.  A slight curve in the last third of the tail is permitted.

尾：位置不高，成为背线的延续。允许尾部的末端三分之一有轻微的弯曲。

LIMBS: 四肢

FOREQUARTERS: 前躯

General appearance: Strongly muscled, well angulated.  Seen from front, clean front legs, standing straight with good strength of bone; feet pointing straight forward.

整体外形：肌肉发达，角度良好。由前面观察，前肢干净，骨骼强壮，站姿笔直；足尖笔直向前。

Shoulder :  Pliant muscles.  Long sloping shoulder blade, fitting close to chest.

肩：肌肉富有弹性。肩胛骨长，有坡度，与胸部接合紧密。

Upper arm: Equal in length to shoulder blade, set almost at right angle to same.  Strong boned and well muscled, close fitting to ribs but free in movement.

上臂：与肩胛骨长度相等，与肩胛骨几乎成直角。骨骼强壮，肌肉发达，与肋骨接合紧密，但活动自如。

Elbows: Turning neither in nor out.

肘部：既不内翻，也不外翻。

Forearm: Short, yet so long that the dog’s distance from the ground is about one third of its height at withers.  As straight as possible.

前臂：短，因此其到地面的距离约为肩高的三分之一。应尽可能笔直。

Pastern joints: Slightly closer together than the shoulder joints.

系关节：与肩关节相比，轻微紧靠。

Pastern: Seen from the side, should be neither steep nor noticeably inclined forward.

系部：由侧面观察，应既不陡，也不明显前倾。

Front feet: Toes close together, well arched with strong, resistant, well cushioned pads and short strong nails.  The fifth toe has no function but must not be removed.  

前足：脚趾紧靠，明显拱起，具有强壮且耐磨的脚垫，趾甲短而结实。第五个脚趾没有什么作用，但应保留。

LIMBS: 四肢

HINDQUARTERS: 后躯

General appearance:

Strongly muscled, in correct proportion to forequarters.  Strong angulation of stifles and hock joints.  Hindlegs parallel standing neither close nor wide apart.

整体外观：肌肉强健，与前肢比例恰当。膝关节与系部关节连接处的角度明显。站立时后肢平行，既不太紧也不过于张开。

Upper thigh: Should be of good length and well muscled.

大腿：长，肌肉发达。

Stifle (Knee): Broad and strong with pronounced angulation.

膝关节：宽阔、强健，成角明显。

Lower thigh: Short, almost at right angle to upper thigh.  Well muscled.

小腿：短、与大腿上部成直角。肌肉发达。

Hock joints: Clean with strong tendons. 

跗关节：干净，肌腱结实。

Hocks：Relatively long, mobile towards lower thigh.  Lightly curved forward.

跗骨：相对长，向小腿部位活动灵活。向前轻微弯曲。

Hind feet: Four close knit toes, well arched.  Standing firmly on strong pads.

后足：四个紧密的脚趾，自然拱起。坚实地立于强健的脚垫上。

GAIT/MOVEMENT:

Movement should be ground covering, flowing and energetic, with far reaching front strides without much lift, and strong rear drive movement should produce slightly springy transmission to backline.  Tail should be carried in harmonious continuation of backline, slightly sloping.  Front and hindlegs have parallel movement.

步态/动态：

运动时步幅大，流畅，有力，前肢伸展大，不过度高抬，后驱有力，应为背线提供些许有弹力的传送。尾巴应自然成为背线的延长线，略倾斜。前后肢平行运动。

SKIN: Tight fitting.

皮肤：与身体紧密贴合。

COAT: 被毛

SMOOTH-HAIRED/平毛

Hair:  Short, dense, shiny, smooth fitting, tight and harsh. Not showing any bald patches anywhere.

毛质：短、浓密、有光泽、顺滑、紧密而粗糙。无任何秃毛的斑块。

Tail: Fine, fully but not too profusely coated.  Somewhat longer guard hair on underside is not a fault.

尾巴：纤细，被毛丰富却不过度，下侧稍微有针毛也不为缺陷。

Colour:

a)  Whole-coloured : Red, reddish yellow, yellow, all with or without interspersed black hairs.  A clear colour is preferable and red is of greater value than reddish yellow or yellow.  Even dogs with strongly interspersed black hairs are classed as whole-colour, not as other colours.  White is not desired but single small spots do not disqualify.  Nose and nails black. reddish-brown is also permissible but not desirable.

b)  Two-coloured : Deep black or brown, each with tan or yellow markings (« Brand ») over eyes, on sides of muzzle and of lower lip, on inner edge of leathers, on forechest, on inside and rear side of legs, also on the feet, round the vent and from there reaching to about one third or one-half of the underside of the tail.  Nose and nails black in black dogs, brown in brown dogs.  White is not desired but single small spots do not disqualify.  Tan or yellow marking (« Brand ») too wide spread is undesirable.

c)  Dappled (Tiger-brindle, brindle) : The basic colour is always the dark colour (black, red or grey).  Desired are irregular grey or beige patches (large patches not desired).  Neither the dark nor the light colour should be predominant.  The colour of a brindle Dachshund is red or yellow with darker brindle.  Nose and toenails are the same as with the whole- and two-coloured.

毛色:

a) 纯色：有或没有黑色斑点的红色、略带红色的黄色、黄色。亮色特别受欢迎，红色比略带有红色的黄色或者黄色要好。即使有明显的黑色斑点也被归为纯色，而不是其他颜色。白色不理想，但是单一的小斑点不算失格。鼻子和趾甲为黑色，带有红棕色是可以接受的，但不是最佳。

b) 双色：深黑或者褐色，对于每一种颜色来说，在眼睛、口吻和下嘴唇的两边，耳朵下垂部分的内边缘，前胸，腿部的内侧与后面，足部，肛门周围，以及由肛门至尾巴三分之一、或二分之一的部位有棕褐色或者黄色斑纹（“Brand”）。黑色犬只有着黑色的鼻子与趾甲、褐色犬只有着褐色的鼻子与趾甲。白色不理想，但是单一的小斑点不算失格。棕褐色或者黄色的斑纹（“Brand”）面积太大则不理想。

c) 斑点（虎斑，斑点）：基本颜色总为深色（黑色、红色或者灰色）。无规律的灰色或者米色斑块（不能有大的斑块）较理想。深色或者浅色不应成为主要的颜色。有斑纹的腊肠犬的颜色应为带有深色的斑纹的红色或者黄色腊肠犬。鼻子和脚趾甲与全色或者双色犬只的相同。

WIRE-HAIRED /刚毛

HAIR: With exception of muzzle, eyebrows and leathers, perfectly even close fitting, dense wiry topcoat with undercoat.  The muzzle has a clearly defined beard.  Eyebrows are bushy.  On the leathers, the coat is shorter than on the body, almost smooth.

毛质：除了口吻、眉毛和耳朵下垂部位外的其它部位有平滑，紧贴，浓密的金属丝状外毛，也有底毛。口吻有着明显的胡须。眉毛浓密。耳朵下垂部位的被毛比身体上的短，较为顺滑。

Tail: Well and evenly covered with close fitting coat.

尾：均匀地覆盖着紧密的被毛。

COLOUR: Dominantly light to dark wild boar colour as well as colour of dry leaves. Otherwise same colours as described under Smooth-haired a-c.  

毛色：主要由浅至深色的野猪的颜色以及干树叶的颜色。其他按照顺滑被毛 a-c.下面描述的相同的颜色。

LONG-HAIRED/长毛

HAIR: The sleek shiny coat, with undercoat and close fitting to body, is longer at the throat and on underside of body. On leathers the hair must extend beyond the lower edge of ears (feathering). Distinct feathers on rear side of legs.  Achieves its greatest length on underside of tail and there forms a veritable flag.

毛质：被毛顺滑，有光泽，有底毛，紧贴身体，喉部与腹部被毛较长。耳朵下垂部位上的毛发必须超出耳朵的下边缘（羽状被毛）。腿后面有明显的羽状被毛。尾巴下面的毛最长，形成真正的旗形尾。

COLOUR:  As described in Smooth-haired a-c. 

毛色：如平毛 a-c 中所述。

SIZE AND WEIGHT/ IMPORTANT MEASUREMENTS: 尺寸/重要围度

Dachshund: Circumference of chest 35 cm.  Upper weight limit about 9 kg. 

腊肠犬：胸围 35 公分。体重不得超过 9 公斤。

Miniature Dachshund: Circumference of chest from 30 to 35 cm measured when at least 15 months old.

迷你腊肠犬：当达到 15 个月大时，胸围 30 至 35 公分。

Rabbit Dachshund: Chest circumference up to 30 cm measured when at least 15 months.

兔型腊肠犬：当达到 15 个月大时，胸围达到 30 公分。

Weight: Standard Dachshund up to about 9kgs

体重：标准腊肠犬不超过 9 公斤。

FAULTS: 缺陷

FAULTS: Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog.

M3 (Molar 3) are not to be considered when judging.  Lack of 2PM1 (Premolar 1) is not to be penalised.  The absence of  PM2 should be regarded as a fault, if other than M3, no other teeth are missing, also a departure from the correctly closing scissor bite.

缺陷：任何与上述各点的背离均视为缺陷，其缺陷严重性严格地与其缺陷的程度及其对犬的健康和福利的影响成比例。

在评判时，不考虑 M3（臼齿 3）。缺少 2PM1（前臼齿 1）不影响成绩。缺少 PM2 应视为缺陷，如果除了 M3 之外，无其它牙齿缺失，也不是正确闭合的剪状咬合。

SEVERE FAULTS: 严重缺陷

• Weak, long-legged or body trailing on ground.

• The absence of teeth other than those described among « faults » or « eliminating faults ».

• Wall eye in any colour other than dapple.

• Pointed, very folded ear leathers.

• Body suspended between shoulders.

• Hollow back, roach back.

• Weak loins.

• Marked running up at rear (croup higher than withers).

• Chest too weak.

• Flanks with whippety-like tuck up.

• Badly angulated fore- and hindquarters.

• Narrow hindquarters, lacking muscle.

• Cow hocks or bow legs.

• Feet turning markedly inwards or outwards.

• Splayed toes.

• Heavy, clumsy, waddling movement.

• 体弱、长腿，或者身体拖尾沿地面拖行。

• “缺陷”或者“失格”描述之外的的其它牙齿缺少。

• 除斑纹之外的任何颜色的外斜视。

• 耳朵下垂部分为尖角或者有很厉害的折痕。

• 双肩之间部位悬垂。两肩下垂。

• 后背凹陷，或者隆起。

• 腰虚弱。

• 臀部明显地隆起（臀部高于肩隆）。

• 胸部太弱。

• 侧腹向上折起，如惠比特犬一般。

• 前后躯角度差。

• 后躯狭窄，缺少肌肉。

• 牛肢，或者弓形腿。

• 脚明显内翻或外翻。

• 脚趾张开。

• 步容沉重，笨拙，蹒跚而行。

FAULTY COAT: 被毛缺陷

SMOOTH -HAIRED DACHSHUND :

• Coat too fine or thin. Bald patches on leathers (leather ear), otherbald areas.

• Coat much too coarse and much too profuse.

• Brush like tail.

• Tail partially or wholly hairless.

• Black colour without any marking (« Brand »).

WIRE-HAIRED DACHSHUND :

• Soft coat, whether long or short.

• Long coat, standing away from body in all directions.

• Curly or wavy coat.

• Soft coat on head.

• Flag on tail.

• Lack of beard.

• Lack of undercoat.

• Short coat.

LONG-HAIRED DACHSHUND :

• Coat of equal length all over body.

• Wavy or shaggy coat.

• Lack of flag (tail).

• Lack of overhanging feathering on ears.

• Short coat. 

• Pronounced parting in coat on back.

• Hair too long between toes.

平毛腊肠犬 :

• 被毛太细或太薄。耳朵下垂部分有秃毛，其它地方秃毛。

• 被毛太粗糙或太丰富。

• 像刷子样的尾巴。

• 尾巴部分或全部无毛。

• 无任何斑纹的黑色（“Brand”）。

刚毛腊肠犬 :

• 无论长毛或者短毛，被毛软。

• 被毛长，向各个方向伸展。

• 弯曲或者波浪形的被毛。

• 头部有软的被毛。

• 旗形尾。

• 缺少胡须。

• 缺少底毛。

• 被毛短。

长毛腊肠犬 :

• 全身被毛长度相同。

• 波浪形或蓬松的被毛。

• 没有旗形尾。

• 耳朵没有悬垂的羽状被毛。

• 短被毛。

• 背部被毛有突出分缝。

• 脚趾间的被毛太长。

DISQUALIFYING FAULTS: 失格缺陷

• Aggressive or overly shy

• Any dog clearly showing physical of behavioural abnormalities shall be disqualified.

• Overshot or undershot mouth, wry mouth.

• Faulty position of the lower canines.

• Absence of one or more canines; absence of one or more incisors.

• Lack of other premolars or molars.Exceptions : The two PM1, one PM2 without consideration ofM3, as mentioned under Faults.

• Chest : Sternum cut off.

• Any fault of tail.

• Very loose shoulders.

• Knuckling over in pasterns.

• Black colour without markings (Brand); white colour with orwithout markings (Brand).

• Colours other than those listed under “Colour”.

• 有攻击性或过度羞怯

• 任何在身体和行为上明显失常的犬应视为失格。

• 上颌突出或下颌突出，嘴歪。

• 下犬齿位置不当。

• 少了一颗或多颗犬齿；少了一颗或多颗门牙。

• 少了其它的前臼齿，或者臼齿。例外：根据‘缺陷’中规定的，两颗 PM1,在不考虑 M3 的情况下的一颗 PM2。

• 胸部：胸骨切除。

• 尾部的任何缺陷。

• 肩部很松驰。

• 系骨有突起。

• 无斑纹的黑色（Brand）;有或无斑纹的白色（Brand）。

• 除了“颜色”下所列颜色之外的其它颜色。

N.B.：

• Male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fullydescended into the scrotum.

• Only functionally and clinically healthy dogs, with breed typicalconformation, should be used for breeding.

注：

• 公犬具备两个明显正常且完全置于阴囊的睾丸

• 只有身体机能以及临床表现健康的，具备典型犬种结构的犬只，才可用于繁殖。

最新修订内容以黑体标注。

▲ 犬只各部位名称（FCI标准通用）