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文章来源外媒：BBC
标题：Chimpanzee language: Communication gestures translated
链接：https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-28023630
Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees use to communicate.
They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a 'lexicon (替换为vocabulary)' of 66 gestures.
The scientists discovered this by following and filming communities (替换为groups) of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5,000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
The research is published in the journal Current Biology.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom.
Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another individual (替换为group member).
“That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures,” she told BBC News (替换为said).
“They're the only thing that looks like human language in that respect.”
Shout or signal? (删掉小标题)
Although previous research has revealed (替换为shown) that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages.
This was a crucial (替换为significant) difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
“It's a bit like if you pick up a hot cup of coffee and you scream and blow on your fingers,” she said.
“I can understand from that that the coffee was hot, but you didn't necessarily intend to communicate that to me.”
Subtle signals
Some of the chimps' gestures, the researchers say, are unambiguous — used consistently to convey one meaning.
...
Many others, though, appear to be ambiguous. A grab, for example, is used for: “Stop that,” “Climb on me,” and “Move away.”
Although many are very subtle, some of the footage captured by the researchers shows very clearly what the chimps mean to convey.
(增补一句Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate.) In one clip (替换为case), a mother presents her foot to her whimpering offspring (crying baby), signalling: “Climb on me.” The youngster immediately jumps on to its mother's back and they travel off together.
“The big message [from this study] is that there is another species (加注汉语释义) out there that is meaningful in its communication, so that’s not unique to humans,” said Dr Hobaiter.
“I don't think we're quite as set apart as we would perhaps like to think we are.
“But then chimps are more closely related to us than they are to the rest of the great apes, so it makes sense that we are incredibly similar to them in many ways.”
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was commendable (替换为praiseworthy) in seeking to fill the gaps in (替换为enrich) our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were “a little disappointing”.
“The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggest either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions,” she said.
“Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other less sophisticated animals convey with non-verbal communication.
“So, it seems the gulf remains.”
合并零散的段落； 删掉小标题； 集中删减段落，避免删减零散的句子造成文章上下文衔接不连贯； 替换超纲词或者加注汉语释义（需注意：2017版课标已收录文中超纲词community, individual, reveal, crucial, species, gap）；原文难度非常接近高中生的水平； 总字数由563 减为336，整体改动较小
命题角度丰富，涉及事实细节、词义猜测、主旨大意；特别是词义猜测题gulf、主旨大意文章标题，考查精准到位； 命题分布较为均匀，涵盖全文； 试题部分词数稍多，共计130词； 试题干扰项运用大量派生词、个别合成词以减少文字篇幅，增加了一定难度。