【国内文旅卷】世界文化遗产之清福陵（中英双语）
点蓝色字关注“国际城市发展智库”
“明清皇家陵寝依照风水理论，精心选址，将数量众多的建筑物巧妙地安置于地下。它是人类改变自然的产物，体现了传统的建筑和装饰思想，阐释了封建中国持续五千余年的世界观与权力观。辽宁的永陵、福陵和昭陵均修建于17世纪。清朝皇室为开创大清基业的先帝们修建的这些陵墓，展现了古老的中国风水理论。石像、雕刻以及龙纹砖上丰富的装饰都在述说着清朝墓葬建筑的演变。相对于之前被列入世界遗产名录的明代皇陵来说，这盛京三陵不仅继承了前朝的文化传统，同时又融入了新的满族文明特色。”以上是2000年明清皇家陵寝被列入世界遗产名录时，世界遗产委员会对其作出的评价。2004年，并称为盛京三陵的清永陵、清福陵、清昭陵作为明清皇家陵寝的增补项目加入世界遗产名录。
明清两朝是中国古代陵寝建设的辉煌期与高峰期。明代开国皇帝朱元璋对陵寝制度进行了改革，将地面之上的封土堆改成圆形，并扩大地面祭殿建筑建设。其死后入葬的孝陵成为明清皇家陵寝的鼻祖。清代承袭了明代的皇家陵寝制度，并在祭祀制度上加以完善，使之更趋合理。
盛京三陵包括永陵、福陵、昭陵，均位于辽宁省，建造于满清入关前的17世纪，是开创满清皇室基业的祖先陵墓。其中福陵是清太祖努尔哈赤与皇后的陵墓，是清朝命名的第一座皇陵。
福陵创建于后金天聪八年（公元1629年），初称作“先汗陵”或“太祖陵”。至清崇德元年（公元1636年）大清建国，定陵号为“福陵”。福陵基本建成于清顺治八年（公元1651年），并在康熙和乾隆年间陆续增建，最后形成陵寝规制。福陵背靠天柱山，前临浑河，占地19.48万平方米。陵园自南向北地势逐渐增高，红墙、黄瓦、高耸的明楼与蜿蜒的青山、流水融合一体，体现了中国古代“天人合一”的哲学思想。
全文翻译
“The imperial mausolea are outstanding testimony to a cultural and architectural tradition that for over five hundred years dominated this part of the world; by reason of their integration into the natural environment, they make up a unique ensemble of cultural landscapes. The Three Imperial Tombs of the Qing Dynasty in Liaoning Province include the Yongling Tomb, the Fuling Tomb, and the Zhaoling Tomb, all built in the 17th century. Constructed for the founding emperors of the Qing dynasty and their ancestors, the tombs follow the precepts of traditional Chinese geomancy and fengshui theory. They feature rich decoration of stone statues and carvings and tiles with dragon motifs, illustrating the development of the funerary architecture of the Qing dynasty. The three tomb complexes, and their numerous edifices, combine traditions inherited from previous dynasties and new features of Manchu civilization.” This is the description made by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee when the Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2000. The Three Imperial Tombs of Shenyang, Liaoning Province (Yongling Tomb, Fuling Tomb, and Zhaoling Tomb, all as the added items of the Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties) were added to the World Heritage List in 2004.
Ming and Qing dynasties were the heyday of imperial mausoleum construction in ancient China. The first emperor of Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, reformed the mausoleum traditions by changing the grave mound into circular shape and expanding the construction of overground funerary architecture. The Ming Xiaoling Tomb, where Zhu Yuanzhang was buried after his death, became the originator of the imperial tombs of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Qing dynasty inherited the imperial mausoleum traditions of Ming dynasty, and improved the sacrifice system to be more reasonable.
As the mausolea for ancestors that laid the foundation of Manchu royalty, the Three Imperial Tombs of the Qing Dynasty in Shenyang include the Yongling Tomb, the Fuling Tomb, and the Zhaoling Tomb, all located in Liaoning Province and built in the 17th century before the Manchus swept down from north. Among them, the Fuling Tomb, the first imperial tomb named by the Qing dynasty, is the mausoleum of Nurhaci, the founding emperor of the Qing dynasty and his empress.
Built on the third year during the reign of Huang Taiji in Later Jin dynasty (1629), the Fuling Tomb was firstly named “Xianhan Tomb” or “Taizu Tomb”, and then renamed as “Fuling Tomb” on the year when Qing dynasty was founded (1636). Completed in the eighth year during the reign of Shunzhi Emperor (1651), the Fuling Tomb was expanded successively during the reign of Kangxi Emperor and Qianlong Emperor, becoming a mausoleum model for Qing dynasty. Sitting against Tianzhu Mountain and facing Hunhe River, the Fuling Tomb covers an area of 194.8 thousand square meters. With a terrain elevated gradually from south to north, the mausoleum blends red walls, yellow tiles and lofty memorial tower with winding hills and rivers, reflecting the philosophical theory of “Unity of Man and Nature” in ancient China.