整车NVH控制技术1.0

1. 汽车NVH问题      NVH Problems

NVH的重要性 Importance of NVH

NVH对顾客非常重要NVH is very important to customers

• NVH的好坏是顾客购买汽车的一个非常重要的因素.

NVH影响顾客的满意度NVH influences customers’ satisfaction

• 在所有顾客不满意的问题中, 约有1/3是与NVH有关.

NVH影响到售后服务NVH influences after-sale services

• 约1/5的售后服务与NVH有关

NVH涉及面非常广

NVH Involves Almost All Systems of a Vehicle

在所有动态性能领域（NVH， 安全碰撞、操控、燃油经济性、等）中，NVH是涉及面最广的领域。

• 车身Body

• 发动机、变速器及动力系统Powertrian

• 底盘及悬架Suspension

• 环境控制系统Climate Control

• 电子系统Electricity

• ……

动态性能 Attributes

• 噪声与振动（NVH）

• 碰撞安全性能Safety

• 行驶操纵性能Dynamics

• 燃油经济性能Performance/Fuel Economy

• 环境温度性能Climate Control

• 乘坐的舒适性能Ride Comfort

• 排放性能Emission

• 刹车性能Breaking

• 防盗安全性能Security

• 电子系统性能Electricity

• 可靠性能Durability

• 。。。。。。

2. 汽车NVH控制方法               

    NVH Control Methods

• 目标设定与分解

• 噪声振动源的控制

• 噪声振动传递通道的控制

• NVH的评价

• NVH的试验与分析手段

• Target Setting and cascading

• Source Control

• Path Control

• NVH Evaluation

• NVH Test and Analysis

目标制定-分解-验证  Target Setting – Cascading - Verification

NVH开发是一个目标制定-分解-验证的过程

NVH development is a process of “Target Setting – Cascading – Verification”

• Benchmarking Competition

Vehicle and system level database

Quick contribution analysis – Competitive vehicles

• 目标设定Set Targets

Future with respect to competitive actions

Balance with respect to other attributes, cost, weight

• 目标分解Cascade Requirement to Subsystems

• 设计论证Design Verification

决定NVH的因素
How to Determine NVH

目标设定 Target Setting

目标的分类Target Classification:

• 领导者Leadership: above Best-In-Class

• 领导群体之中Among the Leaders (Best-in-Class)

• 竞争者Competitor

车1,2,3是市场上最好的三款车Car1, car2 and car3 are the best cars in the markets

这三款车作为benchmark的汽车The 3 cars are used for benchmark vehicles

根据benchmark的结果,设定目标Based on the benchmark test results, new target will be set up

目标的级别 Target Levels

整车(顾客)级目标,例如车内噪声 Vehicle level (Customer level), such as interior sound

系统级目标, 如动力系统的噪声 System level, such as powertrain noise

子系统级目标, 如排气口的噪声 Subsystem level, such as exhaust tailpipe noise

部件级目标,如消声器的传递损失 Component level, such as Muffler TL

目标分解 Target Cascading

目标分解是从上至下 Target setting is from upper level to lower level

目标设定也是双向的 Target setting is a two-way processing

目标分解也是双向的 Target cascading is a two-way processing

模态分离策略 Modal Separation Strategy

在产品开发的初期,对所有系统和部件建立模态频率表 Set up modal frequency chart for all systems and components at the beginning of production development

为设计和目标制定提供模态分析的策略 Provide a standard modal analysis strategy for vehicle program design and target setting

源-通道-接受体 Source – Path – Response

源Sources

-动力系统Powertrain

-风Wind

-路面Road

-其他Other

通道Paths (Structure-borne and airborne)

-底盘Chassis

-车身Body

-内饰Interior

-其他Other

接受体Reception

-耳朵Driver’s and passenger's ears

-手Driver’s and passenger's hands (steering wheel)

-脚Driver’s and passenger's feet (pedal, toe board)

-座椅Driver’s and passenger's but (seats)

多通道分析 Multi-Path Analysis

发动机噪声振动源 Engine Noise and Vibration Sources

燃烧噪声Combustion Noise

机械振动与噪声Mechanical Vibration & Noise

流动噪声Flow Noise

变速器噪声振动源 Transmission Noise Sources

变速器啸叫Transmission Whine

变速器敲击Transmission Rattle

进气系统和排气系统的 NVH   Intake and Exhaust NVH

传递轴系的 NVH Driveline NVH

第一阶传递轴激励First order driveline excitation (dynamic imbalance)

传递齿轮啸叫Transmission gear whine (Gear dynamic meshing force)

2阶激励2nd order excitation by Cardon Joint

路面-悬挂-底盘的 NVH Road/Suspension/Chassis NVH

激励源Excitation Sources

路面表面的形状Road surface profile

轮胎的刚度和压力Tire stiffness & pressure

轮胎块的长度和形状Tire patch length and shape

轮胎的宽度和尺寸Tire width & size

汽车的速度Vehicle speed

风激励噪声 Wind Noise

• 风激励噪声Wind noise: 由于气流绕着汽车运动而产生的噪声the noise caused by air movement around the vehicle

• 激励源Excitation:

空气动力湍流Aerodynamic turbulence

其他: 天线的涡流, 挡风玻璃的湍流产Other: antenna vortex, windshield turbulence

Cavity resonance

结构通道控制: 车身控制 

Structural Path Control: Body Control

车身的结构模态应该与其他相邻结构模态分开 Body Modes should be separated from other systems

车身结构模态应该与车身声腔模态分开 Body structural modes should be separated with body cavity modes

白车身和装饰车身模态的刚度要足够大,以避免产生奇异噪声 White body and trimmed body modes should stiff enough to avoid causing squeak and rattle

局部模态应该足够高,以避免引起NVH问题, 如轰鸣声, 等.  Local modes should be stiffness enough to avoid NVH problems, such boom, resonance, etc.

车身要实现风噪最小设计Body design should let wind noise minimized

结构通道控制:底盘/悬挂的控制  Chassis/Suspension NVH

悬架系统的控制  Suspension control

悬架的模态频率 suspension mode

悬架的刚度与阻尼 stiffness and damping

悬架跳动的频率 hop frequency

悬架部件的频率 parts frequency

轮胎的控制: tire control

声腔模态 acoustic cavity

结构模态 structural mode

轮胎的平衡 type balance

隔振垫 Isolator

隔振垫的控制 isolator control

隔振垫的刚度 isolator stiffness

隔振垫的刚度与车架刚度的比值 isolator stiffness and frame stiffness

振动通道的控制 Vibration Path Control

振动通道控制的方法有: Vibration path is controlled by:

隔振器 Vibration isolators

吸振器 Vibration absorption, e.g., dampers

阻尼材料Damping materials

提高结构和支架的刚度, 阻止振动的传递High structure and bracket stiffness

车身连接点灵敏度的控制Body connected point sensitivity control

声学通道控制: 声学包装  Acoustic Path Control: Sound Package

噪声通道是由声学包装来完成的Noise path is controlled by sound package, including:

车身的密封Sealing of vehicle body

孔洞的控制Control of open holes and openings

隔声材料的应用Sound isolation material

吸声材料的应用Sound absorption material

汽车NVH的两方面的评估  Two Evaluations of Vehicle NVH

车外通过噪声的评估 Pass-by Noise Evaluation

车内NVH的评估 Interior NVH Evaluation

车内NVH评估的两个方面 Interior NVH Evaluation

主观驾评 Subjective driving evaluation

客观测试评估 Objective testing evaluation

主观驾评打分 Subjective Evaluation Rating

客观评估  Objective Evaluation

整车级客观评估的内容: Items of Vehicle Level Objective Evaluations:

• 驾驶员和乘客耳朵的声音: Driver and passenger ears sound: sound level and sound quality

• 地板或座椅轨道的振动 Floor or seat track vibration

• 方向盘的振动 Steering wheel vibration

• 椅子和人体的振动 Seat vibration and human body vibration

驾车状况  Driving Condition:

• Idle

• Wide Open Throttle (WOT)

• Partial Open Throttle (POT)

• Cruise

• Reverse

• Coastdown

• Tip-in, tip-out

不同级别的客观评估

Vehicle, System and Component Objective Evaluations

• 整车级评估 Vehicle level evaluation

• 系统级评估 System level evaluation

• 部件级评估 Component level evaluation

例子Example:

试验:道路试验 Road Test

• 试验道路: Test Road

• 环道 circle road

• 直道 straight road

• 平整的沥青路面 asphalt road

• 平整的水泥路面 smooth road

• 粗糙的水泥路面 coarse road

• 砖做的路面 brick road

• 鹅石路面 cobble stone road

• 斜坡路面 slope road

驾车状况  Driving Condition:

• Idle

• Wide Open Throttle (WOT)

• Partial Open Throttle (POT)

• Cruise

• Reverse

• Coastdown

• Tip-in, tip-out

试验:实验室试验 Lab Test

振动试验 Vibration Test

• 模态试验Modal test

• 振动响应Vibration response

• 异响识别Squeal & rattle

• 隔振器刚度Isolator stiffness

• 激光测量, 等Laser measurement

噪声测试 Noise Test

• 车内噪声Interior sound

• 进气噪声Intake noise

• 排气噪声Tailpipe noise

• 动力总成辐射噪声Powertrain radiation noise

• 壳体辐射噪声shell radiation noise

• 通过噪声Passby noise

灵敏度测量 Sensitivity Measurement

• 声学灵敏度测量Acoustic sensitivity

• 振动灵敏度测量Vibration sensitivity

• 声传递损失测量Sound transfer loss

风洞噪声试验Wind Noise Test

NVH分析方法      NVH Analysis Methods

• 有限元分析Finite Element Analysis

• 边界元分析Boundary Element Analysis

• 统计能量分析Statistical Energy Analysis

• 其它声学分析Other Acoustic Analysis

• 模态综合分析Modal Synthesis Analysis

• 传递路经分析Transfer Path Analysis

3. 汽车NVH技术的发展

Development of NVH Technology

• 以声品质主导的NVH开发

• NVH 主动及半主动控制

• 高里程NVH问题

• NVH稳健性分析

• 其他NVH技术发展领域

• Sound Quality

• Active & Semi-active control

• High mile NVH

• NVH Robustness Analysis

• Other NVH Techniques

以声品质主导的NVH开发 NVH Development Based on Sound Quality

• 传统上, 噪声控制就是降低声音的大小Historically, Approach Vehicle Sound as Noise Control

• 仅考虑声级的大小和频率成分Only sound Level and frequency content are considered

• 八十年代后, 在汽车界开始使用声品质Sound Quality in Automotive Industry in late 1980s

• 汽车的声音与发动机转速有关Sound is related with engine speed

• 汽车的声音与发动机发火阶次有关Sound is related with engine firing orders

• 声音的成分影响听觉Sound contents influence listening

• 声音影响到顾客的满意度All vehicle sounds can influence customer satisfaction

• 部件的声品质Component sound quality

• 影响汽车的品牌A Strong Indicator of Vehicle Brand

• 品牌的象征Brand Image (Powertrain)

• 汽车的DNA Vehicle DNA

三大声品质问题  Sound Quality in Three Fields

1.动力系统的声品质控制技术Sound Quality Control of Powertrian System

2.车身声品质控制技术Sound Quality of Vehicle Body

例子(example)：关门声品质Close-Door Sound Quality

好听的声音

• 安静

• 频率低(结实)

• 一次碰撞声

• 没有额外的噪声

Good Sound

• Quiet

• Low Frequency (Solid)

• One Impact

• No Extraneous Noise

不好听的声音

• 声音大

• 高频率

• 象铃的声音

• 多次碰撞声,嘁嘁喳喳

Poor Sound

• Loud

• High Frequency

• (Tinny, Cheap)

• Rings On (Bell)

• Rattles, Chirps, etc.

3.电器系统声品质控制技术Sound Quality for Electrical System

NVH 主动及半主动控制  NVH Active Control and Semi-Active control

动力总成主动振动控制 Powerplant Active Vibration Control

主动控制的元件Active Control Components

• 机械激励器 Mechanical actuator

• 传感器 Sensor

• 电子控制器 Electronic controller

• 额外能量 Extra energy supplier

车内噪声主动控制  Internal Noise Active Control

高里程NVH问题 High Mileage NVH

传统上Traditionally:

• 汽车设计是要求0里程有良好的NVH性能Vehicles have been designed intentionally to have good NVH at 0 mile

• 通常高里程的可靠性很重要,但是NVH不是关注的对象High mileage durability is important, but high mileage NVH is not a concern

现在Now:

• 高里程NVH性能对顾客长期的满意度来说越来越重要 Vehicle high mileage NVH performance is becoming more crucial for long term customer satisfaction

• 有必要识别引起高里程NVH恶化的原因 Necessary to identify major reasons which cause high-mile NVH degradation

NVH稳健性分析  NVH Robustness Analysis

• 稳健性: 在使用的寿命内,当有外界干扰因素的情况下,系统仍然按照设计的功能工作.也就是说,产品的性能对输入源的变化不敏感Robustness: the concept of a product to perform its intended function consistently in the presence of noise during its expected life. That is, the performance of the product is insensitive to sources of variability.

其他NVH技术发展领域 Other NVH Technology Development Fields

• 噪声振动传递路径的精确分析Transfer Path Analysis

• 源及通道对车内贡献量分析技术Source and Path Contribution Analysis

• 整车高速风噪控制与车身优化技术Wind Noise and Body Design

• 整车道路噪声控制与悬架系统优化技术Road and Suspension NVH Control

• 轮胎噪声的研究Tire Noise Analysis

• 发动机的燃烧噪声Engine Combustion Analysis

• 动力总成辐射噪声控制技术Powerplant Radiation Noise Control

• 变速器的啸叫和敲击Transmission Whine and Rattle

• 发动机-离合器-变速器传动系统的振动控制Powerplant Shaft Vibration Control

• 由摩擦引起的噪声与振动分析NVH Caused by Friction

• 新能源汽车的NVH控制New Energy Vehicle NVH Control

• 轻量化材料和结构的噪声与振动研究NVH for Light-Material

• 新型隔声材料及结构的研究 New Sound Isolation Material and Structure Analysis

• 异响的前期控制技术Advanced Control for Squeal and Rattle

• 测量技术的研究Study of Measurement Technology

• 。。。。。。

4. 中国汽车NVH状态

Status of China Automotive NVH

• More and more attention on NVH

• Huge money on labs and CAE

• Rapid growth of NVH engineers

• Significantly improvement on Capacity

• Existed problems

• Status of Changan NVH development

• 各个方面越来越重视

• 试验室和CAE的大量投入

• 人才队伍迅速发展

• 自主轿车NVH水平大大提升

• 存在的问题

• 长安NVH开发状况

各个方面越来越重视 More and More attention is on NVH

• 企业意识到NVH的重要Importance of NVH is realized by many companies

• 逐年增加投入Money spent on NVH is increased year by year

• 招聘一流人才The best NVH experts are hired

• 行业关注NVH Attention from auto industry

• 例子：各种会议和培训越来越多i.e. more conferences and trainings on NVH

• 政府把NVH作为自主汽车的一个重要技术领域NVH is considered one of the most important technologies in auto development

• 例子：组建企业国家重点实验室i.e. national key lab is under construction

• 海外华裔学者对中国汽车NVH发展的推进Contribution from oversea scholars

• 讲课、出书、交流等 lectures, books, exchanges

实验室与CAE的大量投入 Huge Money Spent on Labs and CAE

各个公司纷纷兴建试验室，如：Many labs had been constructed, such as

• 大型整车消声室Whole vehicle anechoic chambers

• 发动机消声室Engine anechoic chambers

• 部件实验室 Parts labs

CAE的使用在普及Wide application on CAE

风洞试验室Wind Tunnel

同济大学空气动力与低噪声风洞试验室

人才队伍迅速发展  Rapid Growth of NVH Engineers

从事NVH的工程师迅速增加Rapid Growth of NVH Engineers

• 以长安汽车公司为例：Take Changan Auto as example:

• 2003年：NVH工程师不到10人 less than 10 NVH engineers

• 2009年：NVH工程师超过100人 more than 100 NVH engineers

在海外招聘一流NVH专家 The best overeas NVH experts joined China auto companies

人才梯队在形成 Teams with different-level engineers are growing

自主品牌轿车NVH水平大大提高      

Significant NVH Improvement on China Owned-Brand Vehicles

例子：长安“悦翔”的NVH水平超过了同级别合资品牌轿车         Example: NVH attributes of Changan “Yue Xiang” are better than some JVC vehicles.

中国汽车NVH领域存在的问题 Existed Problems

• 具备基本的试验条件，但数量上远远不够

• 缺少某些领域的实验室，比如动力传动NVH实验室，等等

• 具备基本的CAE条件，但硬件和软件的支撑上要加强

• 具备一定的NVH工程实践经验，但专家队伍远远不足

• 开展了不少NVH领域，但广度和深度上还有很长的路要走

• 建立了初级的NVH数据库，但需要完善

• 建立了NVH流程与部分规范，但不完善，不标准，执行力不够

• 开展部分NVH方法及基础的前沿探索，但还有很长的路要走

长安进入“四大阵营”，销量大幅增加

Changan Joined “Big Four” Club, and Sale Increases Rapidly

• 2009年2月11日，在国务院颁发的《汽车产业调整和振兴规划》中，国家第一次正式把长安汽车列入中国汽车企业第一阵营，第一次与一汽、二汽、上汽站在同一发展平台上，成为中国“四大”汽车集团，给予长安汽车极大的鼓舞。

• 2009年上半年，长安销售汽车67.9万辆，同比增加35%。高于行业的平均增长速度。

长安全球化的研发布局  Changan Global R&D Distribution

长安研究团队：

2009年7月：2100人

2009年12月：2600人

2012年：~5000人

长安NVH开发状况

Status of Changan NVH Development

团队

• 噪声与振动领域：超过100人

• 拥有3名从美国回来的专家和一批国内成长的专家

完备的实验室和试验设备

• 一流的整车消声室和发动机NVH实验室

• 完备的CAE分析能力

完整的整车开发能力

• 完备的开发流程、规范、数据库

• 具备从目标设定与分解、结构优化、性能验证等能力

• 噪声振动开发走在自主开发的前列

从事了大量汽车产品的开发工作

• 按照国际一流公司的模式进行NVH开发

• 具备一定的NVH工程实践经验

• 基本上开展了所有的NVH领域

产品

• 长安品牌汽车取得长足进步

• 悦翔的NVH性能超过合资品牌汽车

研究

• 开展部分NVH方法及基础的前沿探索