常用试剂----Burgess试剂
Burgess 试剂,即N-(三乙基铵磺酰)氨基甲酸甲酯,是一个氨基甲酸酯类的内盐,用作有机化学中的脱水剂。它可溶于大多数有机溶剂中,CAS号为51373-37-6。黄白色晶体,Burgess试剂很容易氧化,同时对湿气也非常敏感,新鲜制备后应立即使用。是一个高效的脱水试剂,能够用于从甲酰胺、硝基烷烃化合物到异氰[J. Chem.Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1998, 1015]、腈[Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29,21552]和氧化腈化合物[Tetrahedron Lett.,1997, 38, 1547]的制备反应。Burgess脱水试剂是非常有效的由仲醇和叔醇脱水制备烯烃的试剂,反应温和,有选择性。但一级醇反应效果不佳。β位消除,遵循热消除Ei机理(消除过程中,两种离去基团同时离去,互相之间又迅速成键)。近年来,Burgess试剂的最大用途是实现羟基酰胺和硫酰胺的环化脱氢反应,得到相应的杂环化合物。
试剂的制备:
(a) Burgess, E. M.; Penton, H. R., Jr.; Taylor, E. A.; Williams, W. M. Org. Synth. Coll. Edn. 1987, 6, 788–791. (b) Duncan, J. A.; Hendricks, R. T.; Kwong, K. S. J. Am.Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 8433–8442.
Preparation of Bugess reagent:
将无水甲醇19.2g (0.6 mol) 和无水苯40mL的混合物在30-40分钟内,滴入ClSO2NCO85g (52.3 mL, 0.6 mol)和无水苯200mL的混合物中,控温10-15℃。加毕,室温搅拌2小时。然后加入1000mL无水苯稀释后,小心滴入190mL无水三乙胺和250mL无水苯的混合物中,控温10-15℃,约40分钟左右加完。加毕,室温搅拌2小时,析出大量固体。反应毕,过滤,固体用无水苯200mL、无水THF200mL洗后,滤液浓缩后,(控温<30℃),加入无水THF溶解后,重结晶得123g, 收率86%。注:整个操作温度要低于30℃。
反应机理
先和醇反应生成磺酸酯,接着β位消除,遵循热消除Ei机理。
Khapli, S.; Dey, S.; Mal, D. J. Indian Inst. Sci. 2001, 81, 461–476. (Review).
反应实例
在噻唑啉中与氨基酸2-C相连的手性中心很容易发生差向异构化,以至于大多数羟基硫酰胺的环化脱水反应都会生成非对映异构体混合物。然而在Burgess 试剂1 的诱导下,羟基硫酰胺会高立体选择性地得到96%产率和大于94%对映选择性的手性单体。
【Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 5397】
将 Burgess 试剂与多聚乙二醇连接后得到的试剂2 相比于Burgess 试剂1 本身,能够更高产率地诱导实现唑啉和噻唑啉化合物的制备。
【Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 4659】
在脱水试剂2的诱导下,羟基硫酰胺能够高产率地转化为噻嗪 ,这一方法比Mitusnobu反应能获得更高的产率。
【Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 6987】
对于伯醇一般是更容易发生取代反应,而不是消除脱水。
【Wipf, P.; Xu, W. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 6556–6562.】
该试剂不仅能用于烯的合成,也能用于腈,异腈以及氧化腈的合成。此外它还被用于合成杂环恶唑啉和噻唑啉。
【Wipf, P.; Fritch, P. C. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 5397】
To a flamedried reaction vessel equipped witha stir bar and septum was added 4-(4-nitrophenyl)butan-1-ol (0.21 mL, 1.25mmol) followed by a benzene solution of1 (5.0 mL, 1.25 mmol, 0.25 M).The septum was then removed and quickly replaced with a Teflon cap prior to thereaction being placed into a 50°C bath. After 1 h, the bath temperature wasincreased to 85°C and a small aliquot of the reaction mixture was removed tocheck for the formation of the initial adduct 2(LC/MSgenerally shows M++18(H2O): 426). The reaction was stirred for 12–16 h and thenperiodically monitored, by LC/MS, for the disappearance of 2.(CAUTION: Remove the reaction vessel from the heating bath and allow itstemperature to drop below the boiling point of the solvent prior to removing ananalytical sample.) Frequently, LC/MS spectra obtained prior towork-up show numerous side products that disappear after work-up. Aftercomplete disappearance of 2, the reaction was cooled to ambienttemperature, benzene was removed in vacuo, and the residue was partitionedbetween EtOAc and 0.5 M HCl. The organic layer was washed with 5% sodiumbicarbonate and brine, then dried over sodium sulfate. Filtration, solventremoval and silica gel chromatography (10–60% EtOAc in hexanes, lineargradient) provided the target compound (318 mg, 77%) as a white solid.
【Tetrahedron Letters 2002, 3887–3890】
Fredericamycin的合成【Kita, Y. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001,123, 3214.】
Taxol的合成【Holton, R. A. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 1597. 】
Penitrem D的合成【Smith, A. B., III et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 8228.】
【Miller, C. P.; Kaufman, D. H. Synlett 2000, 8, 1169–1171.】
Keller, L.; Dumas, F.; D’Angelo, J. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 2488–2497.
【Nicolaou, K. C.; Snyder, S. A.; Longbottom, D. A.; Nalbandian, A. Z.; Huang, X. Chem. Eur. J. 2004, 10, 5581–5606.】
相关文献
1. Burgess, E. M.; Penton, H.R.; Taylor, E. A. J. Org. Chem.,1973, 38, 26.
2. Creedon, S. M.; Crowley, H. K.; McCarthy, D. G. J. Chem.Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1998, 1015.
3. Claremon, D. A.; Phillips, B.T. Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29,21552.
4. Maugein, N.; Wagner, A.; Mioskowski, C., Tetrahedron Lett.,1997, 38, 1547.
5. Wipf, P.; Fritch, P. C. Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 5397.
6. Wipf, P.; Venkatraman, S. Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 4659.
7. Wipf, P.; Hayes, G. B. Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 6987.
参考资料
一、Name Reactions (A Collection of Detailed Reaction Mechanisms), Jie Jack Li, Burgess dehydrating reagent,page 95-96.
二、化学空间:http://www.chem-station.com/cn/reactions/%e6%b6%88%e9%99%a4%e5%8f%8d%e5%ba%94/2014/08/post-2566.html
三、《现代有机合成试剂——性质、制备和反应》,胡跃飞等编著