明知有害，禁止很难，农药和鲑鱼的战争
Three common and widely used farm pesticides can harm endangered salmon and jeopardize their survival, according to a new report by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA Fisheries).
三种常见的农用杀虫剂会伤害濒危的鲑鱼，危机它们的生存，这是来自美国国家海洋气候局国家水生鱼类协会（NOAA）的的最新报道。
The pesticides—chlorpyrifos, malathion, and diazinon—also threaten orcas, because they eat salmon, the agency said.
这些农药—毒死蜱，马拉硫磷和二嗪磷—也威胁到了逆戟鲸，因为它们捕食鲑鱼，该局称。
The findings are included in a biological opinion that NOAA's fisheries experts wrote for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
这些发现被列入了NOAA的鱼类专家为美国环保局（EPA）撰写的生物学意见之中。
It was made public this week by Earthjustice, a nonprofit environmental law organization that wants EPA to ban the chemicals.
该结果由地球正义公布，这是一个非营利性的环境立法组织，它们希望美国环保局禁用这些化学品。
Chlorpyrifos is widely applied on citrus, nuts, and orchards, while malathion is used on more than 100 food crops, including alfalfa, cotton, rice, and wheat, according to officials at Earthjustice.
毒死蜱被广泛运用于柑橘，坚果和果园里，而马拉硫磷被用于超过100种的食用农作物中，包括苜蓿，棉花，水稻，小麦，据地球正义官员说。
Diazinon is used on fruit trees, rice, corn, sugarcane, potatoes, and horticultural plants, the group said.
二嗪磷被用于果树，水稻，玉米，甘蔗，土豆和园艺植物中，该组织称。
"The best available science clearly shows these pesticides are a major threat to endangered salmon and to our orca whales, which need salmon to survive," said Patti Goldman, managing attorney at Earthjustice.
“最新科技清楚表明这些农药是对濒危的鲑鱼和我们的需要吃鲑鱼的逆戟鲸的重大威胁，”地球正义的管理律师帕提.高德曼说。
"These pesticides are bad for people every way they are exposed to it and toxic to salmon."
“这些农药无论以何种方式接触人体都是有害的，也会毒害鲑鱼。”
CropLife America, a national trade association that represents the manufacturers, formulators and distributors of pesticides, said it is "carefully reviewing" the biological opinion, adding that it was done too quickly to allow "for appropriate engagement with the public and stakeholders."
美国食粮，是一家国家贸易协会，它是农药的生产，配方和营销者的代表，说道，它正在仔细地考查生物学意见，还补充道事态进行过快以至于公众和利益相关者都还来不及采取适当的措施。
"The denial of a requested extension of time to complete the opinion resulted in a document that has the potential to create exaggerated and unfounded concerns regarding threatened and endangered species and have a negative impact on farmers as well as public health protection," the association said in a statement.
“对延长生物学意见调查时间的推辞会导致形成的文件有可能会产生一些关于濒危物种的夸大的，未被证实的看法，也会农民以及公众健康保护造成负面影响，”该协会在一则声明中称。
NOAA Fisheries said it delivered the 3417-page opinion earlier than planned due to a court-imposed deadline.
NOAA鱼类学家们说他们比法定截止日期更早地提交了3417页的意见。
The agency said it needed more time to address "a variety of technical and methodological issues."
该局则称它需要更多时间来阐明一些技术和方法学问题。
"Getting more time would have also allowed [NOAA Fisheries] to engage with the public and stakeholders on a draft biological opinion prior to issuance of a final biological opinion, as originally planned and as recommended by the National Academies of Sciences," the agency said in a statement.
“延长时间可以让NOAA鱼类学家们跟公众和相关利益者一起在最终生物学意见出台之前起草生物学意见的初稿，这是美国科学学会的最初计划和建议，”该局在声明中称。
The report examined the effect of pesticides on salmon in several locations, including the Pacific Northwest and West Coast.
该报道检测了几个地点的鲑鱼受到农药的影响，包括太平洋西北部和西海岸。
Conservation groups said they'll use the new opinion to push EPA to ban the pesticides.
保育团体说他们会使用新意见来敦促美国环保局禁用这些农药。
"Those of us who fight to protect and restore rivers and their critical fisheries are very pleased that the biological opinions were released," said Sharon Selvaggio, of Northwest Center for Alternatives to Pesticides.
“我们希望保护河流和它的重要鱼类的人们都很高兴看到生物学意见的发布，”莎伦.赛尔瓦吉奥说，她来自农药代替物西北中心。
"To protect salmon, we need to respond to what the science is showing us."
“为了保护鲑鱼，我们需要对科学测试结果作出回应。”
In the late 1980s, salmon and steelhead fishing in Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Northern California brought in $1.25 billion each year and supported more than 62,000 jobs, Earthjustice said, adding that the "economic benefits of dwindling salmon have grown exponentially since then."
在20世纪80年代末，鲑鱼和虹鳟鱼捕捞在俄勒冈，华盛顿，爱达荷和北部加利福利亚每年会带来12亿五千万美元的收益以及62,000个岗位，地球正义说，还补充道“减少的鲑鱼带来的经济利益从那时开始呈指数增长。”
The group blamed the declining salmon runs on dams, climate change, a loss of habitat and pesticide runoff.
该团体认为鲑鱼的减少应该归责于大坝，气候变化，栖息地减少和农药残留。
"Salmon have been waiting four decades for relief from toxic pesticides in many of our rivers," said Glen Spain, Northwest regional director of the Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Associations. "The agencies should do their job."
“鲑鱼们为了从我们很多河流里的有毒农药里解放已经等了四十年，”格伦.斯潘说，他是太平洋海岸联合会渔业协会的西北区域负责人，“当局应该做好他们的工作。”
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