ATA74|从发动机点火系统到ETOPS运行
参考资料:
TFU:74.00.00.096
ISI:00.00.00159
ISI:00.00.00155
ISI:00.00.00143
ICAO Airworthiness Manual Doc 9760
最近有朋友问,为啥MEL里A点火系统只允许1个失效,而B点火系统允许两个都失效?
翻了下手册,还真是:
先是在Airbusworld里找答案无果。后偶然翻到一份关于LEAP发动机点火问题的TFU74.00.00.096,其中提到A点火系统还受ETOPS影响。这时候突然想起来MEL里也有这个限制,以前培训737的时候老師好像讲过,说两个点火系统的供电来源不一样。动手翻ASM,发现320飞机点火系统A的供电来自Essential Bus 和Static Inverter Bus——原来如此。估计是考虑如果发动机空停,而且正常汇流条断电,则B点火系统没法供电,但这时候A点火系统还可以通过Static Inverter Bus供电尝试重新启动发动机。
在EASA AMC 20-6文件中,有这样一段关于IFSD的描述,应该也可以侧面验证前面的解释,至少表达了点火系统的重要性:
This definition excludes the cessation of the functioning of an engine when immediately followed by an automatic engine relight and when an engine does not achieve desired thrust or power but is not shutdown. These events as well as engine failures occurring before take-off decision speed or after touch-down, although not counted as IFSD, shall be reported to the competent authority in the frame of continued airworthiness for ETOPS.
ETOPS
接下来,还顺着这条线来了解了下ETOPS,发现ICAO还有EDTO(Extended Diversion Time Operations)的说法,为了让延程飞行规则适用于所有3~4台发动机的飞机。
这时候我才注意到,原来ETOPS的全称Extended range Twin Engine OPerationS在2007年由FAA改成了ExTended OPerationS(ISI:00.00.00159) ,实际目的也是为了将3~4台发动机的飞机包含在内。
再看EASA,好像也准备增加一个定义来再延程飞行下限制发动机数大于2台的飞机——LROPS(Long Range OPerationS),虽然有些文件里能看到,不过好像没正式发布。
从1985年FAA批准ETOPS条例以来,飞机和发动机安全性越来越高,双发允许的时间也从批准前的60分钟、批准后的120分钟限制,增加至180分钟。ETOPS发展(来自维基百科,太多不翻译
):
1936, the FAA restricted operations to within 100 mi (160 km) of an airport, regardless of the engine number, about 60 minutes with one engine inoperative.
In 1953, the FAA '60-minute rule' restricted twin-engine aircraft to a 60-minute diversion area, based on the piston engine reliability of the time.
In 1950s, the ICAO recommended a 90-minute diversion time for all aircraft, adopted by many regulatory authorities and airlines outside the US.
In 1964,The 60-minute rulewas waived in 1964 for three-engined aircraft.only two-engined jets were restricted by the 60-minute rule.
In 1976,Airbus A300 twinjets had been operated across the North Atlantic, the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean under a 90-minute ICAO rule.
In 1985, the FAA increased the ETOPS to 120 minutes at the single-engine cruise speed.
In 1988, the FAA amended the ETOPS regulation to allow the extension to a 180-minute diversion period subject to stringent technical and operational qualifications.
In 2007, the FAA ruled that US-registered twin-engined airplane operators can fly more than 180-minute ETOPS to the design limit of the aircraft. ETOPS-240 and beyond are now permitted.
对于以上这些允许的最大时间,除飞机构型要求外,还有其他要求,比如(双发飞机):
重要系统不允许同一个人在双系统(备份系统)上同时执行维修工作(ISI:00.00.00143)
部分重要系统不允许失效,比如驾驶舱指示,或前面类似A点火的系统
ETOPS允许最大时间也不是直接申请多少就批准,比如你需要先申请120分钟的ETOPS,执行1年后才能申请180分钟ETOPS;而240分钟ETOPS则更严格,不仅要求有丰富的180分钟ETOPS经验,还可能限制只允许在特定的城市对之间。
另外,以上所谓的60/120/180分钟,定义中还强调是OEI巡航速度时的飞行时间。OEI,One-Engine-Inoperative。即如果换算成距离的话,允许单发故障时飞行的距离应该是单发巡航速度飞对应时间的距离。
最后,贴一张A320的ETOPS部件清单示例,即部分件号是不允许安装在执行ETOPS飞机上的——除了MEL,ETOPS规定真多,IPC里你见过备注么?
注:NAFE,Not Approved for ETOPS
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祝好!